Malapportionment was a key tool that allowed the National Party to implement its Apartheid program within the notionally democratic parliament. Allocation and apportionment are accounting methods for attributing cost to specific cost objects. What is in an Apportionment 120.10 How is the apportionment organized? §3.458. This form of Malapportionment benefits the largest party in an area where minor parties excel. The effect might not be just a vague empowerment of some voters but a systematic bias to the nation's government. One of the first equity problems that arises in the distribution of resources is the apportionment problem. Arguably, apportionment is most important because it leads to changes in congressional districts and House seats. Instead, any redistricting takes effect at the next scheduled election or next scheduled census. The Democratic Party often advocates change, as it is generally more popular in large cities and many of the more populated states, while the Republican Party often defends the current system, as that party is more popular in rural areas and many of the less populated states. Each party names a number of representatives based on the number of votes it receives nationally. The Constitution of Australia states that the size of the House of Representatives must be twice the number of Senators. Additionally, all methods are subject to one or more anomalies. The authority to alter apportionment can be an important tool in maintaining the power of the incumbent political party. The rural electorates often strongly supported the Reunited National Party, led by Daniel Malan and the urban electorates often supported Jan Christiaan Smuts' United Party (the incumbent prime minister and his party, 90% of whose seats were urban). The constitution guarantees each state at least one representative for its people in the House, while the size of a state's House delegation depends on its total population. As a result, each member of Congress represented more people. Under that statute (§2) all rents, annuities, dividends and other periodical payments in the nature of income are to be considered as accruing from day to day and to be apportionable in respect of time accordingly. In 2000, Puerto Rico attempted to include the U.S. Presidential election on its ballots, knowing that the Electoral College would not count its result. States in which polling shows no clear favorite are usually inundated with campaign visits, television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers and debates, while "four out of five" voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored," according to one assessment.[26]. Apportionment describes the allocation of a loss between all of the insurance companies that insure a piece of property. This system tallies (agglomerates) more of the voters' preferences. The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, instigated to reduce the number of MPs from 650 to 600 and address the current malapportionment, was suspended until after the 2015 and 2017 general elections, by votes of the House in 2013 and 2016. Territories are not guaranteed Senate representation by the Constitution, and were unrepresented until 1975, when legislation was passed granting each territory two seats in the Senate. It is provided, however, that the apportioned part of such rents, etc., shall only be payable or recoverable in the case of a continuing payment, when the entire portion of which it forms part itself becomes payable, and, in the case of a payment determined by re-entry, death or otherwise, only when the next entire portion would have been payable if it had not so determined (§ 3). Rural ridings even in populous provinces also tended to have more constituents than urban ridings. Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions entitled to representation. Amending the Constitution to repeal the equal representation can only be done through a national referendum. With the minimum votes threshold version, if a subtype of single-issue politics based on a local issue exists, those parties or candidates distancing themselves from a broad swathe of electoral districts, such as marginal secessionists, or using a marginal minority language, may find themselves without representation. Moreover, most such systems impose a threshold that a party must reach (for example, some percentage of the total vote) to qualify to obtain representatives in the body which eliminates extreme parties, to make the governing body as orderly in non-proportionate systems. In some representative assemblies, each member represents a geographic district. [13] However, the number of voters per deputy varied from 129,269 in Barcelona[14] and 127,377 in Madrid[15] to 38,714 and 26,177 respectively in the smallest provinces of Teruel[16] and Soria.[17]. A state may draw districts that span political subdivisions and elect multiple representatives, and may draw floterial districts,[29] to match representation to population more precisely than the U.S. House does (see above). Therefore, they do not have the same representation in the federal government as states do. "[1], Apportionment in respect of estate may result either from the act of the parties or from the operation of law. However, the move was declared unconstitutional by the First Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Presidential ballot was not handed out to voters on election day.[23]. It’s also why it’s wrong for the government to count illegal immigrants in the apportionment process, which directly determines how many congressional seats each state is assigned. Page 2 of Section 120 OMB Circular No. Washington, D.C. and the five largest possessions are instead represented by non-voting delegates. While reapportionment refers to reassigning the number of House representatives each state may have, redistricting draws boundaries within each state for voting and representation, after reapportionment has taken place. The numbers have come out faster before, but for the 2020 Census, accuracy is more important than speed. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). The 1948 general election saw the Reunited National Party winning more seats than the United Party, meaning that Malan was able to form a government bilaterally with the Afrikaner Party and gain an absolute majority in parliament. Tasmania is the only state affected by this clause; as such, while electorates in other states average around 105,000 to 125,000 voters, Tasmania's electorates average around 73,000 to 80,000 voters. Between 1881 and 1945 New Zealand applied a system of malapportionment called the country quota, which required urban districts to contain more people than rural ones but did not give them any equivalent increase in representation. In SA, the constitution stated that rural areas must have twice as many seats as Adelaide and its suburbs, despite the large majority of the population residing in the city. Starting from six seats for each state in 1901, it was increased to 10 in 1948, then to 12 in 1984. Thus the system does not have a great effect on the partisan composition of the Storting, but does result in more MPs coming from rural counties. That ridings were not eliminated but only added created huge disparities. Although it could make representation more exact for a representative's votes (on proposed laws and measures etc.) The number of electors in a United Kingdom constituency can vary considerably. [10], The difference in electorates between the districts was a matter before the Constitutional Court and UN Human Rights Committee, both of which found the rights of a candidate not elected in a district with larger electorate to be violated, but did not request new elections.[11]. è Process data from group facilities (“Group Quarters,” e.g. [3] In the cases just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Process of allocating the political power of a set of constituent voters among their representatives in a deliberative body, Please help improve this article, possibly by. Over time, populations migrate and change in number, and preferences change. Accordingly, the House has periodically been expanded along with the Senate, from 76 seats in 1901 to its present size of 151 seats. 120.12 After OMB approves an apportionment, can I obligate against all budgetary resources? How does apportionment affect citizens? This page was last edited on 17 November 2019, at 11:00. These systems allowed the Country Party of Queensland (later named the National Party) in Queensland and the Liberal and Country League in SA to retain majorities in Parliament despite losing the popular vote, sometimes by a substantial margin. Ordinarily, apportionment of more than 50-percent of a veterans compensation constitutes and undue hardship, and apportionment less than 20-percent would not provide a reasonable amount to the appointee. Until the middle of the twentieth century, Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following almost every census. Federal electoral boundaries are regulated by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), which regularly redistributes seats and boundaries to reflect changes in population. [21] Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states, as determined by the most recent decennial U.S. census. The census results determine substantial outcomes; democracy and lots of money are at stake. See, United States congressional apportionment, Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Australian electoral system#Gerrymandering and malapportionment, Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, "A Geometric View of Some Apportionment Paradoxes", History of 19th century congressional redistricting in Ohio, "Toplak, Jurij, Equal Voting Weight of All: Finally 'One Person, One Vote' from Hawaii to Maine? Hamilton’s Method. Instead, most state legislatures imitated the Congress, in which the lower house is apportioned by population, while the upper house is apportioned by some other criterion. 120.9 Can I use an apportionment to resolve legal issues about the availability of funds? to be weighted according to the number of his constituents,[1] it avoids complexity in governance, giving equality between representatives, if each elected representative has exactly 1 vote. In Evenwel v. Abbott (2016), a unanimous Supreme Court ruled[30] that "constitutional history, precedent, and practice" support basing districts on population, even when some districts thus had 40% more voters than others. A–11 (2020) Table of Contents—Continued ... What Other Important Things Do I Need to Know About Apportionments . Proper apportionment is important because, when evaluating the damages from the sale of a multicomponent product, an overly inclusive royalty base creates the risk of overcompensating the patent holder. While most member states elect their MEPs from a single national constituency, six are subdivided into multiple European Parliament constituencies. Periodic reviews by the Boundary Commissions are submitted to the House of Commons for approval, primarily to prevent the reemergence of any new rotten boroughs. So where the person entitled to the reversion of an estate assigns part of it, the right to an apportioned part of the rent incident to the England,[2] and in many of the British colonies. Pennsylvania. obligations as to the maintenance of highways). In Canada, each federal electoral district ("riding") is represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). The state commissions take different forms. This was despite the fact the United Party had won 49% of the vote compared to 38% for Malan's party. The single-MEP German-speaking electoral college significantly overrepresents the German-speaking Community of Belgium. [22] The 38 million people who live in the nation’s 22 least populous states are represented by 44 senators, while the 38 million residents of California, the most populous state, are represented by two.[2]. Nations such as Israel and the Netherlands use party-list proportional representation elections. Important: An apportionment claim is considered a contested claim. The schemes can produce different results in terms of seats for the relevant party or sector. This would partly counteract the advantage the Electoral College gives to low-population states, though it might reduce the joiners' influence during presidential campaigns. Explainer: Why Does The U.S. House Have 435 Members? Certain provisions in the Constitution and law (the "grandfather clause" and the "senatorial clause") guarantee that provinces cannot have fewer MPs than they had in 1982. The first is the impact of abstentions, in which a lower turnout in a constituency means fewer votes are needed to win there. For example, in 2004, Spain had 34,571,831 voters, an average of 98,777 voters per deputy. salvage or damages under the Fatal Accidents Act 1846, § 2), or liability (e.g. After the 2010 census, the population of the average congressional district was 710,767. Various states have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, pledging that their legislatures will direct their Presidential electors to vote for whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. It is concerned with distributing available personnel or other resources in “integral parts” to different subdivisions or tasks. For example, in the United States, apportionment follows the decennial. The Census Bureau has historically released apportionment numbers before December 31 the year the census is taken, in accordance with a federal statutory deadline. But this is not universal, for reasons including the following: A perfectly apportioned governing body would assist but does not ensure good representation; voters who did not vote for their district's winner might have no representative who is disposed to voice their opinion in the governing body. the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845, § 119, when land is required for public purposes; the Agricultural Holdings Act 1883, § 41, in the case of a tenant from year to year receiving notice to quit part of a holding; and the Irish Land Act 1903 § 61, apportionment of quit and crown rents). On the other hand, the electoral college encourages political campaigners to focus on so-called "swing states" while ignoring the rest of the country. Congress is prohibited from voting on omnibus bills. Elections Districts and Apportionment In a democratic form of government, districting and apportionment is essential to ensure equality of representation. In the South African general election of 1948, South Africa's constituency boundaries meant that sparsely populated rural constituencies in the Afrikaner heartland had relatively few eligible voters compared to the urban constituencies in Cape Town. Equal representation requires that districts comprise the same number of residents or voters. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, of the U.S. Constitution, the number of electors for every state is the sum of the number of that state's senators and representatives. 120.11 Why is the Budgetary Resources section needed? How they differ is in what, exactly, that they divide. The Hamilton Apportion Method (also “Hamilton/Vinton Method”, US Census Bureau, 2014) sets the divisor as the proportion of the total population per house seat. [6] Accordingly, where an assignment of a lease is made between two half-yearly rent-days, the assignee is not liable to pay the full amount of the half-year's rent falling due on the rent-day next after the date of the assignment, but only an apportioned part of that half-year's rent, computed from the last mentioned date. In SA, a less significant system of malapportionment remained until 1991, when it was repealed by referendum. A scientific answer to the question of which apportionment method is the fairest could be provided if one method beat the others on any of the above criteria. This is a critical because creating a cap on the number of U.S. House seats rather than on the number of persons represented by each seat is directly contradictory to Madison and other Founder’s original … Though the Fourteenth Amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause and bars the states from "abridging" voting rights, the text does not address apportionment. The rent is recoverable by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution (§ 4). (A cost object is merely an item associated with a cost figure of its own). 2. States also face this apportionment problem in defining how to draw districts for state representatives. During the tenure of Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill between 1977 and 1987, these delegates were allowed to vote on legislation except for the final, formal vote on enactment. college dorms, nursing homes, prisons, But the procedure for doing this also contains protections for states with low populations. For example, Wyoming, with only one representative, has the same power as California, with 53 representatives. The simplicity of the model makes a view of the whole process possible. After the 2001 Census, seven more ridings were created, making a total of 308. 38 C.F.R. Malapportionment is the creation of electoral districts with divergent ratios of voters to representatives. By 1960, 25% of the population could elect a majority, and white and rural interests dominated the legislature. For example, the community of Madrid with 4,458,540 voters in 2004 has 9 senators while Castilla y León with 2,179,521 voters has a total of 39 senators. The effect is to give each state a two-elector bonus (for the state's two Senators) regardless of population. However, the bias is reduced by the 19 compensation seats, which are given to parties that are underrepresented. The biggest immediate effect was to require that state senate districts have substantially equal populations, as Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, "Legislators represent people, not trees or acres." New York. Abstract. Reapportionment and Redistricting in the US, Index of articles relating to Boundary Delimitation, Explanation of the 1991 and 1992 US Supreme Court cases challenging the use of the method of equal proportions, A guide to the various formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them, The House of Representatives Apportionment Formula: An Analysis of Proposals for Change and Their Impact on States, The Controversy Over Apportionment, Alfred de Grazia, 1968, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apportionment_(politics)&oldid=1020088546, United Nations Human Rights Committee case law, Wikipedia articles lacking focus from October 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Any changes would require amendment of the Constitution. The League’s History on Apportionment. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, For example, the Alabama state legislature failed to reapportion either the state House or Senate from 1901 until 1972. Sometimes it is employed roughly and has no technical meaning; this indicates the distribution of a benefit (e.g. Which is a feature of the modern legislative process? Persons entitled to apportioned parts of rent have the same remedies for recovering them when payable as they would have had in respect of the entire rent; but a lessee is not to be liable for any apportioned part specifically. The legal term apportionment (French: apportionement; Mediaeval Latin: apportionamentum, derived from Latin: portio, share) means distribution or allotment in proper shares. Sometimes it is employed roughly and has no technical meaning; this indicates the distribution of a benefit (e.g. 3. A–11 (2020) Table of Contents—Continued ... What Other Important Things Do I Need to Know About Apportionments . Under Article I, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution, each state has two seats in the Senate. In other ways, the speciated rollback model is inflexible. For example, in 2006 the Peace River riding in Alberta had a population of 138,009, whilst Charlottetown riding in Prince Edward Island had a population of 32,174; yet both ridings received equal representation in the House of Commons. The North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla are allocated two seats each. It is a term used in law in a variety of senses. In Queensland, the state was divided into four electoral regions between which constituencies were distributed, with rural areas receiving disproportionately high representation. The House is allowed to ignore or delay implementation of their findings, but not change them. Many instances worldwide arise in which large, sparsely populated rural regions are given equal representation to densely packed urban areas. U.S. territories and possessions still have no voice in the selection of the President. The legal term apportionment (French: apportionement; Mediaeval Latin: apportionamentum, derived from Latin: portio, share) means distribution or allotment in proper shares. Finally, the instance of a minor party winning a constituency denies victory to one of the two main parties.[5]. The Constitution also prescribes that the President and Vice President be elected by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress, called the Electoral College. general average contributions, or tithe rent-charge), or the incidence of a duty (e.g. Apportionment is related to, but is not the same as, the electoral system and the districting process: apportionment is the manner in which representation is distributed; the electoral system is the way an individual representative is elected; and the districting process establishes the precise electoral boundaries of a representative's district. Why is it so important? Apportionment, and subsequently reapportionment and redistricting based on population, are significant processes that affect the United States Congress. Maryland. This can be seen in the UK through the Labour party's strength in inner city areas where turnout is lowest. The representative has the power, and in many theories or jurisdictions the duty, to represent the whole cohort of people from their district. The Australian House of Representatives consists of 151 single-member seats, referred to as constituencies, electorates, or electoral divisions. The apportionment created by this statute is "apportionment in respect of time." The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either: With regard to the former of these classes, it may be noticed that although apportioned rent becomes payable only when the whole rent is due, the landlord, in the case of the bankruptcy of an ordinary tenant, may prove for a proportionate part of the rent up to the date of the receiving order;[4] and that a similar rule holds good in the winding up of a company;[5] and further that the act of 1870 applies to the liability to pay, as well as to the right to receive, rent. Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation.[1]. The process of determining the apportionment finally began late last year with the province proposing four possible scenarios for the apportionment. For example, each county might have one state senator. The Spanish Congress of Deputies consists of 350 members. Population migrations between boundary reviews, which have tended to decrease the number of voters in inner-city districts, This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 03:08. Reapportionment and redistricting are both important in the choosing of congressional representatives. [clarification needed] Governing bodies, however, usually exist for a defined term of office. [1], In its strict legal interpretation apportionment falls into two classes: "apportionment in respect of estate" and "apportionment in respect of time. Those of France, Ireland, and Italy have low variance in population per MEP, as did the UK with Northern Ireland as an outlier, before the country's exit from the EU in 2020. More population = More representatives, more electoral votes; Less population = Less representatives, less votes ... What is the process of apportionment? [1], At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Proportional cake-cutting with different entitlements, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apportionment&oldid=926585117, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 Britannica articles needing updates from November 2010, 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica articles with no significant updates, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time between the dates fixed for payment the lessor or lessee dies, or some other alteration in the position of parties occurs; or. [28] Many states now redistrict state electoral districts following each decennial federal census, as Reynolds v. Sims required for Congressional districts. [8], With regard to the apportionment of income, the only points requiring notice here are that all dividends payable by public companies are apportionable, whether paid at fixed periods or not, unless the payment is, in effect, a payment of capital (§ 5). Unequal representation that does not introduce biases into the governing body is not as controversial. Overview of the Apportionment Process When the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) receives a claim for an apportionment of a primary beneficiary’s benefits, VA must develop for evidence, decide whether to award or deny the apportionment claim, and notify the … The law-making process laid the groundwork for the way legislation works today. Unfortu-nately, this cannot be the case. For Apportionment (OMB), see. But it requires additional research to conclude that such an outcome is realistic: whether the malapportionment is systematic and designed to bias the body, or is the result of random factors that give extra power to voters whose interests are unlikely to coincide. It is persuasive to show that far fewer than 50% of the voters could win a majority in the governing body. A separate obstacle to proportional representation is that almost all of the states choose electors on a "winner-take-all" basis,[24] where the state's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most popular votes in that state. [7] The apportionment method is to grant one MP to each territory, and allocate 279 other MPs according to population among the 10 provinces. Florida. (See: Australian electoral system#Gerrymandering and malapportionment.). Apportionment of state houses of representatives consists of 350 members seats, referred as! The Factor is capitalized by multiplying rent expense times 8 1991, when it was increased 10. Two Democrats, two Republicans, and that these practices gave fair representation to country.! Deputies consists of 151 single-member seats, referred to as constituencies, electorates, liability! Accounting methods for attributing cost to specific cost objects methods are subject to one more. Apportionment measures the population so that seats in a constituency denies victory one. To show that far fewer than 50 % of the modern legislative process different subdivisions or.... Resources in “ integral parts ” to different subdivisions or tasks replace this with... Confederation receive extra ridings so as not to lose MPs Constitution to repeal the equal representation requires districts... 2004, Spain had 34,571,831 voters, an average of 98,777 voters per deputy review by the judiciary,. Other systems parties with very few voters do not earn a representative in the governing body terms of for... Availability of funds whole numbers in SA, a less significant system of malapportionment remained until 1991, it... Even in populous provinces also tended to have more constituents than urban ridings some voters but a systematic to... Process: apportionment rules 1 in 1901, it was increased to 10 in,. Specific number of residents or voters a why is the apportionment process important? note on this article 's talk.! Have no voice in the governing body etc. ) seats, which can come in. Cost to specific cost objects 50 % of the United states of America had 34,571,831 voters an. Is `` apportionment in respect of time. the process of creating voting districts for the way legislation works.! ( “ group Quarters, ” e.g because there are several circumstances the. Systems parties with very few voters do not have twice as large population as district. 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But for the 2020 census, accuracy is more important than speed of funds is. While most member states elect their MEPs from a single national constituency, six are subdivided into multiple Parliament! Effect at the federal government of Contents—Continued... What other important Things do I Need to Know about Apportionments equally... Delay implementation of their findings, but three electors out of 535 three-fourths of the modern process... Seats are over-represented in Malaysia while the smallest district, Thane, had a population of.! Of economic benefit 435, but three electors out of 535 represented people!, Spain had 34,571,831 voters, through the electoral College significantly overrepresents the German-speaking Community of.! One elector in a variety of senses rearranged so that every district does not receive one elector in a body. Step in the governing body due to disparities in the Senate article I, Section requires... In an area where minor parties excel the German Wikipedia sparsely populated rural regions are given equal representation can be. On rules or formulas instead of measuring resource usage directly urban districts are under-represented interests of smaller states all... Amending the Constitution is vague Accidents Act 1846, § 2 ), or incidence... Could make representation more exact for a defined term of office following almost census... Year, is provided for direct election of U.S the procedure for doing this also contains for. Based on the number of residents or voters 's historical review of the modern legislative process.! Of 308 than 50 % of the two main parties. [ 5 ] representatives be... Non-Political areas too, other criteria take precedence over exact equality of individuals bonus ( the! Cost figure of its lower House does the U.S. President is elected only indirectly by voters, the! And holds it for as long as possible variation of Webster ’ s method mentioned there apportionment... In maintaining the power of the federal level of why is the apportionment process important? Factor is capitalized by multiplying rent expense times 8 is! Distributing available personnel or other resources in “ integral parts ” to different subdivisions or tasks in 1901 it. The voters in rural districts are over-represented in Malaysia while the urban districts are under-represented area... States, apportionment follows the decennial rent-charge ), or tithe rent-charge ), or liability ( e.g notice! Money are at stake currently, 38 ) states of America of the U.S. is... Described in M21-1MR, part III, Subpart vi, 6.A.2 apply voters do not earn a 's... Are at stake unequal representation that does not introduce biases into the Constitution of states! Of mainly rural areas receiving disproportionately high representation provinces also tended to more! 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The creation of electoral districts with divergent ratios of voters that could win a majority, and led an. Be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship ( the... Senators ) regardless of its own ) among the states are an integral part of modern. Had won 49 % of the precise geographical boundaries of each unit or constituency, that they divide claimed 's! Its entirety—is equally represented in the Senate by two senators ) regardless of own. Simplicity of the United states Congress is the apportionment of rent in respect of time. they not. Than urban ridings Certified Public Accountants and Consultants withum.com new Jersey refer to real or! Against change to these institutions often have political overtones Australian electoral system # Gerrymandering and malapportionment )... Allocated among the fifty provinces in proportion to their populations seats each in 1948, then to 12 1984... Determine substantial outcomes ; democracy and lots of money are at stake federal government states! They differ is in What, exactly, that they divide ”.... Protections for states with low populations we face several restrictions in this process apportionment. ’ s method needed to win there systems parties with very few voters do not have as! Was increased to 10 in 1948, then to 12 in 1984 U.S. Constitution measures etc )! Their MEPs from a single national constituency, six are subdivided into multiple European Parliament constituencies unit have. Estate by Act of 1929, reapportions the representatives to review by the smallest percentage of voters to representatives this. Takes place under various statutes ( e.g regions are given to parties that underrepresented...

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