In 1581, Bayinnaung was preparing to launch a final, decisive assault against the coastal kingdom of Arakan when he died suddenly. [133], The Toungoo empire had no official coinage. In 1191, King Sithu II (r. 1174–1211) appointed Ananda Thuriya governor of Kanba Myint. Shin Lat I Daughter of Letwe Khon - Thu 1 son 1. However, the advantage of firearms was neutralised against Siam, a prosperous coastal power with its own well-equipped military. [65], An enduring legacy of the First Toungoo Dynasty was the introduction of a more orthodox version of Theravada Buddhism (Mahavihara school of Ceylon) to Upper Burma and the Shan States. At Pegu, overseas trade was in the hands of eight brokers appointed by the king. At its peak, the First Toungoo Empire also included Manipur, Chinese Shan … Anaukpetlun's successor Thalun (1629-1648) reestablished the principles of the old Pagan kingdom, but concentrated his efforts on gaining religious merit and paid little attention to the southern part of his kingdom. Taungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days of Pagan as part of frontier expansion southwards. See (Harvey 1925: 151) for his estimate of Manipur's 16th-century borders. [60][61], Still, in contrast to 250 years of political fragmentation that followed Pagan's collapse, this interregnum proved brief. He was succeeded by his brother, Thalun (1629-1648). After the conquest of Ava by the Shan invaders in 1527 many Burmans migrated to Toungoo which became a new center for Burmese rule. [25][41] This was the first time in Burmese history that a capital, which had the authority over the entire Irrawaddy basin, was located near the coast. Its hard-to-reach location would shape much of its early history. The Toungoo military organisation drew on its Upper Burma precedent. The court launched standardisation drives to unify laws, weights and measurements, calendars, and Buddhist reforms throughout the empire. The King Mingyinyo founded the First Toungoo Dynasty (1486–1599) at Toungoo, south of Ava, towards the end of the Ava dynasty. [122], Many of Bayinnaung's reforms were continued by his successors of the Restored Toungoo Dynasty. It was a disaster: Toungoo barely survived the 1495–96 counterattack by King Binnya Ran II (r. 1492–1526). [13], While Tabinshwehti had been campaigning in the east, a Mon revival had been gathering momentum in Lower Burma. In 1504, he openly entered into an alliance with Prome with the intention of taking over all of Central Burma. [56] The Portuguese garrison at Syriam switched allegiance from Arakan to Goa in 1603. In the battle between Ayutthaya and Tabinshwehti's forces, the famous Ayutthaya Queen Sri Suriyothai dressed as a warrior, rode into battle on her elephant and lost her life while protecting her husband. Usurpers routinely seized office by assassinating the governor—in 1325, 1344 and 1347—without incurring any reprisals by Pinya. The First Toungoo Empire (Burmese: တောင်ငူ ခေတ်, [tàʊɴŋù kʰɪʔ]; also known as the First Toungoo Dynasty, the Second Burmese Empire or simply the Toungoo Empire) was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia in the second half of the 16th century. During Bayinnaung's reign, Ava served as the intermediary between Pegu and the hill states. King Minkyinyo (1486–1531) of Toungoo is usually considered the founder of the dynasty, but … [13], By then, Toungoo, along with Prome (Pyay), had received waves of Burmese-speaking migrants, driven out of Upper Burma by the successive Shan raids in the second half of the 14th century, and both southern vassal states had emerged as new centres of economic activity as well as of Burman (Bamar) culture. Myanmar has experienced a seemingly endless series of conquerors, dating from prehistoric times through the reign of Kublai Khan's Mongol forces beginning in the late 1200s, all the way through the modern era, when it was subject to both British colonial control and invasion by the Japanese during World War II.The History of Myanmar provides a detailed, historical … [note 2], The earliest known record of administration of the region dates to the late Pagan period. Nanda was taken prisoner after his brothers gained the support of the king of Rakhine and besieged Bago. [44] Nanda launched five major punitive campaigns against Siam between 1584 and 1593, all of which failed disastrously. In, Surakiat, Pamaree. Bayinnaung pursued them, but warfare in the jungle proved difficult because the enemy was difficult to find and engage in battle. 13 years into Bayinnaung's reign, his second attempt at invasion of Siam and first as king succeeded after an extensive siege of the city of Ayutthaya. See (Harvey 1925: 151) for his estimate of the border of Chinese Shan states in Yunnan. Tabinshwehti was crowned as king of all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan. "the King's Elder Brother," known in Portuguese as Braginoco, and in the Thai language as Burinnaung or Burengnong) was the name conferred by Tabinshwehti on his brother-in-law, Kyaw Htin Nawrata. This dynasty expanded the empire and ruled for over 250 years. (Whereas only Arakan escaped Restored Toungoo's restoration, Lan Xang and Cambodia remained independent, albeit greatly weakened, out of Siam's grasp till the 19th century. [1], The victories were enabled by a more martial culture and greater military experience of Toungoo armies, Portuguese firearms, and the greater manpower that came with each successive victory. [18] Nyo turned out to be an able leader. [132] His majesty's government was actively involved in the import-export business. [1] But even at its peak, the vaunted Toungoo military had trouble dealing with guerrilla warfare, and faced severe logistic issues in suppressing rebellions in remote hill states. [12] Pinya's successor Ava (Inwa) regained Toungoo in 1367 but gubernatorial assassinations continued: 1375, 1376 and 1383, at times with Ava's own permission. In the famous Battle of Naung Yo, Bayinnaung faced a superior force on the other side of a river. The claims include: The expansive spheres of influence shrank greatly after Bayinnaung's death. Toungoo's first rebellion of 1317–18 failed but its nominal overlord Pinya had little control over it. Even during at the peak of the empire, harvests at times fell perilously low, causing severe rice shortages such as in 1567. Bondsmen who owed labour to individual patron, and outside of royal obligation. Toungoo Dynasty, also spelled Taungu, ruling house in Myanmar (Burma) from the 15th or 16th to the 18th century, whose reign is known as the Second Burmese Empire. Agriculture, and maritime trade dominated the economy of the empire. “people of poverty”). Likewise, Siam's military service system, phrai luang, was reorganised, modelled after the ahmudan system in the 1570s—indeed to fulfill Bayinnaung's demands for conscripts. In the age of rampant gubernatorial revolts, any rulers hoping to rule a kingdom needed to take command of the army. [115], Burmese orthography continued to follow the antique square format developed for aristocratic stone inscriptions, rather than the cursive format that took hold from the 17th century, when popular writings led to wider use of palm leaves and folded papers known as parabaiks. Description: "Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. His son, Nanda Bayin, and his successors, were forced to quell rebellions in other parts of the kingdom, and the victory over Arakan was never achieved. One of Bayinnaung's sons, Nyaungyan, immediately began the reunification effort, successfully restoring central authority over Upper B… [120] Following in the footsteps of Dhammazedi, he supervised mass ordinations at the Kalyani Thein at Pegu in his orthodox Theravada Buddhism in the name of purifying the religion. It decisively defeated the alliance's raids in 1504–05 and in 1507–08. Toungoo Dynasty, ruling house in Myanmar (Burma) from the 15th or 16th to the 18th century, whose reign is known as the Second Burmese Empire. Modern industrial states have difficulty placing 10% of their people under arms.". This page was last edited on 19 April 2021, at 13:57. Similarly, later assassin-turned-rulers per (Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 20–22) may have nominally submitted to Pinya. [62], Estimates[note 20] of the population of the empire point to over 6 million. [note 4] Ava could not and did not take any action. [66][note 5], The provinces and their constituent divisions were ruled by vassal rulers,[note 6] who lived off apanage grants and local taxes. if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_2')}; .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-167{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. The total size of western Cambodian province totals to 49,359 km²: Battambang=11,702 km²; Pailin=803; Banteay Meanchey=6679; Oddar Meanchey=6158; Preah Vihear=13,788; Siem Reap=10,229. In 1563, he conquered the Chinese Shans of Mong Mao. [4], Tabinshwehti could not take Prome because it was well-defended with strong walls, and supported militarily by Shan Ava. The assassin was none other than his nephew Mingyi Nyo (r. 1510–30). After the fall of Pagan Empire in 1287, Taungoo came under the rule of Myinsaing Kingdom and later Pinya Kingdom. Even historians such as Michael Aung-Thwin and Thant Myint-U, who use Myanmar to refer to the country, nonetheless use older terms such as Ava, Toungoo, Pegu, etc. 1430-1603." [101], Weak or embryonic ethnic identities had broad geopolitical implications. [27] The campaigns against Arakan (1545–47) and Siam (1547–49), however, fell short. When Bayinnaung returned to Lan Chang in 1574, he tried to lure the inhabitants back to the capital and rebuild the kingdom under a ruler of his choice. Manipur was not a Shan state, and its ruler styled himself raja (king). [9], This article, for the most part, uses prevailing academic names for place names, not the current official English transliterations in use in Myanmar since 1989. In 1563, Bayinnaung launched another campaign against the kingdom of Ayutthaya, capturing the capital in 1569, despite widespread opposition and resistance among the Siamese. One exception was that the Martaban Province had a viceroy, These were ethnic Mon titles, and the majority of them were likely ethnic Mons. The number of Portuguese in his employ is said to have numbered as many as 700 men. [25] In 1539, Tabinshwehti moved the capital to Pegu where it would remain until the end of the century. In 1545, Tabinshwehti marched north and took Pagan and Salin, leaving a garrison in Salin. They were required to send tributes to the crown but they generally had a freehand in the rest of the administration. The Toungoo dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from the mid-16th century to 1752. In Myanmar, Tabinshwehti's and Bayinnaung's exploits are widely recounted in schoolbooks. The Toungoo dynasty survived for another century and a half, until the death of Mahadammayaza in 1752, but never again ruled all of Myanmar. Not only did the dynasty successfully reunify the Irrawaddy valley for the first time since the late 13th century but it also absorbed the surrounding highlands into the lowland orbit for good. Bayinnaung's persistence in sending troops year after year cost an untold number of lives, which at one point caused his senior advisers to murmur loudly. Estimates for Lan Na, Lan Xang and Manipur are not known. In predominantly Mon-speaking Lower Burma, a sizeable number of Burmans, Karens, and Shans (as well as a host of Europeans, Jews, Armenians, Persians, etc. It would be yet another rebellion except that Nyo won Minkhaung's acquiescence by offering his full support to the embattled king. However, the changes have not been adopted in international publications on Burmese history. They never solved the sheer logistical issues of transporting and feeding large numbers of troops for sustained periods of time. Of the successor states, Restored Toungoo and Siam were the two winners that emerged to dominate the western and central mainland Southeast Asia, respectively, although Ayutthaya's sway in the central mainland was less complete than Restored Toungoo's near complete domination of the western mainland. The scholars compiled Dhammathat Kyaw and Kosaungchok, based on King Wareru's dhammathat. Over in the central mainland, several linguistically distinct Tai groups coexisted alongside sizeable numbers of Mons, Khmers, and a host of hill minorities. [16] (Lieberman 1984: 21–22): In 1581, a regional census of the 16 leading townships of Lower Burma showed a combined population of less than 28,000 households (~200,000 people). After the conquest of Inwa by the Shan people in 1527, many Bamars migrated to Taungoo, … New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article [8] Tabinshwehti and his court decided to take advantage of the lull, and break out of their increasingly narrow realm by attacking Hanthawaddy, the larger and wealthier but disunited kingdom to the south. The dynasty conquered the Mohnyin Shan peoples in northern Burma. This action was taken to spur his troops forward in battle and provide a clear signal that there would be no retreat. [50] Prome and Toungoo later agreed to attack Ava in 1597 but Toungoo broke off the alliance and attacked Prome in 1597. [49] Prome and Ava fought for central Burma in 1596–97. The last dynasty that ruled Burma/Myanmar from 1752 to 1885. Bayinnaung then pushed up the Irrawaddy in an effort to join Upper Burma and Lower Burma for the first time since Pagan. But Ava counterattacked and retook the lands in early 1526. Encouraged by the French in India, Pegu finally rebelled against Ava, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752. Erected what appears to have been their First mosque vassal was about to `` overawe the metropole.... Poised to deliver a final, decisive assault on the vassal King be... All human and animal sacrifices such as Razadarit Ayedawbon and Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon have survived to this day and the... A comparatively large region meant that the former vassal was about to `` the. Safety, ballistic weight, and Mergui to submit, and is of. 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