In 2006 I … We pooled independent study estimates for AEHI yield using the Freeman‐Tukey double arcsine transformation in random effects models based on the method of DerSimonian and Laird [44,45]. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men, Men who have sex with men and HIV/AIDS in sub‐Saharan Africa, HIV testing and engagement with the HIV treatment cascade among men who have sex with men in Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis, PrEP interest and HIV‐1 incidence among MSM and transgender women in coastal Kenya, Brief Report: High HIV incidence in a South African community of men who have sex with men: results from the Mpumalanga men's study, 2012–2015, Individual and sexual network predictors of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in Nigeria, High rates of forward transmission events after acute/early HIV‐1 infection, Acute HIV infection detection and immediate treatment estimated to reduce transmission by 89% among men who have sex with men in Bangkok, Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection, Normalization of soluble CD163 levels after institution of antiretroviral therapy during acute hiv infection tracks with fewer neurological abnormalities, Brief report: enhanced normalization of CD4/CD8 ratio with earlier antiretroviral therapy at primary HIV infection, Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV‐related immune activation, Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: a scoping review, Screening yield of HIV Antigen/Antibody Combination And Pooled HIV RNA testing for acute HIV infection in a high‐prevalence population, An empiric risk score to guide PrEP targeting among MSM in Coastal Kenya, Lower‐sensitivity and avidity modifications of the vitros anti‐HIV 1+2 assay for detection of recent HIV infections and incidence estimation, New testing strategy to detect early HIV‐1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes, Abundant HIV‐infected cells in blood and tissues are rapidly cleared upon ART initiation during acute HIV infection, Systematic review of the performance and clinical utility of point of care HIV‐1 RNA testing for diagnosis and care, The Netherlands Association of HIV Physicians, Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV, Design strategy of the sabes study: diagnosis and treatment of early HIV infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru, 2013–2017, Acute HIV‐1 Infection in Adults in East Africa and Thailand, Screening acute HIV infections among Chinese men who have sex with men from voluntary counseling & testing centers, Ten Years of screening and testing for acute HIV infection in North Carolina, Strategies used in the detection of acute/early HIV infections. Seek solace in these heartfelt tunes. MD conducted the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. Learn about our remote access options, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Corresponding author: Maartje Dijkstra, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018WT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. For risk and/or symptoms scores a list of risk factors and/or symptoms included in the score, the recall period, cut‐off value of the score, the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of the score. Palmer taught himself to snowboard, as he was never formally schooled in the sport. [1]. The three studies from less‐resourced settings originated from Kenya [17,38,53]. HIV incidence estimates among MSM in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) are 10 to 15 fold higher than in general populations in Africa: ranging from 5.1/100 person years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 9.8) in Kenya to 12.5/100 PY (95% CI, 8.1 to 19.2) in South Africa and 15.4/100 PY (95% CI, 12.3 to 19.0) in Nigeria [5‐7]. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Iain’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Studies assessing AEHI yield and validation of risk and/or symptom scores among MSM in SSA are urgently needed. In this period, HIV antibody tests are often indeterminate. Join Facebook to connect with Ian Palmer and others you may know. Predictive ability of the 13 risk and/or symptom scores varied greatly and was highest for scores that included symptoms [40,53,64,65]. GJB has received grants through her institution from Bristol‐Meyer Squibbs and Mac Aids Fund; honoraria to her Institution for scientific advisory board participations for Gilead Sciences and speaker fees from Gilead Sciences and Takeda. View Ian Palmer’s profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. If studies reported on both MSM and other populations, we extracted data for MSM only if disaggregated data were available, otherwise we included estimates of the whole sample. Ian has 2 jobs listed on their profile. His mother told People Magazine in 1999 "Whether it was on wheels or on a board, it had to be superfast—he had no fear. Between the snowboarding and mountain biking seasons, Palmer took up two new sports, reaching similar levels of success. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Gary Ian’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Key risk factors included in these scores were age, number of sexual partners, CRAI, sexual intercourse with a PLWH, self‐reported diagnosis of an STI and illicit drug use. Opportunities to diagnose AEHI are often missed, due to the non‐specificity of symptoms and the costly diagnostic assays required for AEHI diagnosis [69‐72]. About My career started as a fund accountant in Ireland before relocating to Sydney in 2004 working for a Global Fund Services business. Full‐text records were then assessed for eligibility. Two independent reviewers (SP and MD) used rayyan.qcri.org to screen titles and abstracts of records identified through the search to remove non‐relevant records. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Ian’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Second, heterogeneity across study estimates was large. The development outcomes of scores Facente, UMRSS, CDC and Gilead have not been included in this review, therefore, only validation outcomes are represented. Although our review identified one study with a high AEHI yield resulting from PNS [58], two other studies did not assess and report on AEHI yield resulting from PNS for index clients with AEHI, and were therefore not included in this review [66,67]. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Ian’s connections and jobs at similar companies. In order to reduce HIV incidence among MSM, screening strategies should target MSM with the highest risk behaviour, as AEHI yield will be the highest [36]. A study in Atlanta validated three scores (SDET, HIRI‐MSM and the Menza score) in a cohort with a high proportion of HIV seroconversions among Black MSM, whereas the scores had been developed and previously validated in study samples consisting of predominantly white MSM [63]. Yield was defined as the proportion of AEHI cases among the number of visits during which AEHI was assessed. The recall period for risk factors and symptoms included in the scores varied from two weeks to two years. Shaun Palmer (born November 14, 1968) is an American professional snowboarder, skier, mountain biker, and motocross rider. 5 talking about this. Studies were excluded if they merely assessed knowledge of AEHI among MSM, assessed AEHI laboratory testing techniques, described AEHI testing among MSM who had already presented for HIV testing, did not include the number of AEHI cases, or described AEHI testing among MSM who had already presented for HIV testing (e.g. LinkedIn is het grootste zakelijke netwerk ter wereld en stelt professionals als Shaun Palmer in staat referenties voor aanbevolen kandidaten, branchedeskundigen en zakenpartners te vinden. We systematically searched four databases from their inception through May 2020 for studies reporting strategies of mobilizing MSM for testing and their AEHI yield, or risk and/or symptom scores targeting AEHI screening. On 25 May 2020, we searched PubMed, Embase.com, Clarivate Analytics/Web of Science Core Collection and Ebsco/ERIC using search terms, including synonyms and related terms, and keywords such as “men who have sex with men,” “homosexuality,” “acute HIV infection,” “early HIV infection,” and “mobilization” from database inception to the search date mentioned earlier, without geographical or language restrictions. With the emergence of point‐of‐care HIV‐RNA testing platforms in SSA, MSM with unknown or HIV‐negative status who have AEHI symptoms or meet AEHI risk behaviour criteria should be evaluated for AEHI. However, symptoms may vary by HIV‐1 subtype [80], limiting the generalizability of symptom‐based scores across SSA. Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya. Some of the included studies not identified by the search strategy focused on PrEP screening scores rather than AEHI‐screening scores. The campaigns were developed and promoted in conjunction with MSM community‐based organizations [51,56,57,61]. Five included studies defined and reported on EHI, varying from a negative or indeterminate Western blot test to a documented or self‐reported negative antibody test in the previous six months [51,55,58,59]. When focussing only on AHI, the pooled AHI yield among studies assessing targeted testing was 3.3%. This assessment was quantified by two studies, therefore, we included post‐implementation estimates in the pooled analysis [57,61]. AHI, acute HIV infection; AEHI, acute and early HIV infection; CI, confidence interval; ES, effect size; N/A, not accessible; NL, the Netherlands; USA, United States of America. Taken together, 22 records met the inclusion criteria: eight studies concerned strategies mobilizing MSM for AEHI testing [51,55‐61] and another 14 studies dealt with risk and/or symptom score screening [17,37‐40,49,50,52‐54,62‐65]. Shaun Palmer. Ian has 5 jobs listed on their profile. MD receives funding through a PhD Scholarship from the Graduate School of Amsterdam UMC. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at IAVI. Strategies mobilizing MSM for targeted AEHI testing resulted in substantially higher AEHI yields than universal AEHI testing. Additionally, the variable study designs may have increased heterogeneity. Check out Ian Palmer's high school sports timeline including game updates while playing football at Navarro High School from 2019 through 2020. This is the IAVI company profile. Studies were categorized according to two principal testing categories: (1) mobilization for AEHI testing, and (2) risk and/or symptom score screening. Shaun Palmer, IAVI (Netherlands) Rose Catlos, IAVI (USA) Aude Frevol, IAVI (USA) Organizing Committee. [4], In 2006, Palmer earned himself a spot on the 2006 U.S. Olympic Snowboarding Team. Seven studies exclusively targeted MSM [55‐61]. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of (1) AEHI yield among MSM mobilized for AEHI testing; and (2) assess which risk factors and/or symptoms could increase AEHI yield in MSM. Exact binomial procedures were used to calculate 95% CIs [46]. In an interview with People Magazine, Palmer stated: "I didn't watch tapes or study other guys—I just figured out what felt right." Now a psychiatrist, he tells Sabine Durrant how he has come to … Venues included bathhouses, saunas, spas, bars, clubs and local non‐governmental organizations. The eight studies that assessed strategies mobilizing MSM for AEHI testing included four studies assessing the impact of media campaigns [51,56,57,61], one describing PNS for people with AEHI [58], and three describing community‐based testing for AEHI [55,59,60]. Targeted AEHI testing may be optimized using risk and/or symptom scores, especially if scores include symptoms. This report was published with permission from the director of KEMRI. CDC, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention; CDRSS, Cohort Derived Risk Screening Score; D, development; HIRI‐MSM, HIV Incidence Risk Index for MSM; MSM, men who have sex with men; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SDET, San Diego Early Test; SDSS, San Diego Symptom Score; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UMRSS, University of North Carolina Malawi Risk Screening Score; USA, United States of America; V, validation. We defined internal validation as assessment of predictive ability (AUC, sensitivity and specificity) of a risk and/or symptom score in a different study sample from the same location as the study sample in which the score was developed (i.e. w We offer the best selection of quality AV products available in the industry. Sam Behar, University of Massachusetts Medical School (USA) Patrick Bertrand, Global Health Advocates/Action Santé Mondiale (France) Patricia … Twenty‐two studies were identified and included a variety of mobilization strategies (eight studies) and risk and/or symptom scores (fourteen studies). View Shaun Palmer’s profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. AEHI, acute and early HIV infection; ERIC, Education Resources Information Center; MSM, men who have sex with men. The 13 scores comprised eight scores only including demographic or behavioural risk factors for HIV acquisition [17,39,49,50,52,54,62], four scores including risk factors and AEHI symptoms [38,53,65] and one score including only AEHI symptoms [40] (Table 3). This work was also supported in part through the sub‐Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), a DELTAS Africa Initiative [DEL‐15‐006]. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Ian’s connections and jobs at similar companies. However, no study approached AEHI testing in a comprehensive, culturally sensitive and integrated fashion in SSA. Of the 14 studies that assessed risk and/or symptom score screening, 11 studies originated from well‐resourced settings [37,39,40,49,50,52,54,62‐65] (Table 2). GJB and EJS had oversight in study selection and data extraction. As such, targeted AEHI testing will likely result in high AEHI yields among MSM in SSA. IAVI Research New York, NY 18,064 followers Translating science into global health impact. Shaun Palmer, Self: Reach for the Sky. Scores including symptoms may be particularly useful in SSA, where stigma and discrimination towards MSM behaviour is high, and social desirability bias may prevent MSM from disclosing high‐risk behaviour to healthcare providers [77‐79]. Palmer teamed up with Activision, publishers of Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, to create Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. JK designed the search strategy. First, the database search strategy did not identify seven out of 22 included studies. The overall pooled AHI yield was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.2; I2 = 90.9%; eight studies) [51,55‐61]. These programmes should be developed in a culturally sensitive fashion, for example through collaborating with local community‐based organizations to promote learning about AEHI symptoms, and or risk behaviour, particularly in SSA. AHI was defined as a positive HIV‐RNA test and a negative antibody test in six included studies [55‐57,59‐61], as a positive HIV‐RNA test and an indeterminate antibody test in one study [58], or as a positive HIV‐RNA test and a positive antibody test and a documented negative antibody test in the previous 30 days in one study [51]. Strategies mobilizing MSM for targeted AEHI testing resulted in higher AEHI yields than strategies mobilizing MSM for universal AEHI testing. We defined AEHI yield as the proportion of identified AEHI cases among the number of visits during which AEHI was assessed. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. AUC was the highest for scores including symptoms, such as diarrhoea, fever and fatigue. However, AEHI testing strategies were not reviewed. We used AEHI definitions as proposed by authors of the included studies. There were four cross‐sectional studies [39,40,62,64], seven prospective cohort studies [17,37,38,53,54,63,65], one retrospective cohort study [52], one study analysed both cross‐sectional data and data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) [49], and one study analysed data solely originating from RCTs [50]. Shaun threw his goggles down in frustration after finishing as he rolled through the finish area, showing his determination to obtain nothing but first[4] The event drained Palmer, however he was quick to warn the 1996 champion Nicolas Vouilloz of France in a post race interview that after he gained some more fitness Shaun would soon be beating Vouilloz in the races. "Palm Daddy" is known as one of the forefathers of extreme sports. Sensitivity at the cut‐off proposed by the authors ranged from 74% to 98% in development study samples, and from 25% to 94% in validation samples. The three scores performed poorly in this validation study sample among Black MSM and had markedly lower AUC values than in other validation study samples. Collaboration with MSM community‐based organizations was key in successfully mobilizing MSM for AEHI testing, either through the design and promotion of AEHI media campaigns, or through the delivery of community‐based testing [51,55‐57,59‐61]. We identified 1632 records through the database search (Figure 1). The keywords represented three domains: domains one and two identified studies pertaining to MSM and AEHI respectively. FREE Background Report. Laureus World Alternative Sportsperson of the Year, "Snowboarder Palmer looks for another peak after some valleys", "Snowboarder Palmer looks for another peak", "U.S. Olympic Team – Palmer misses the cut", "The latest incarnation of Shaun Palmer: elder statesman", Laureus World Sports Award for Action Sportsperson of the Year winners, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaun_Palmer&oldid=993377710, Pages using Infobox sportsperson with unknown parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 08:10. View the profiles of people named Shaun Palmer. FREE Background Report. SP and MD independently assessed records for eligibility, and conducted data extraction, supported by EW. This has possibly overestimated the AHI yield in studies that included indeterminate or positive antibody tests in their AHI definition [51,58]. Palmer shocked the mountain biking world by proving to be a more than worthy competitor. 4 IAVI reviews in Fort Lauderdale. For risk and/or symptom scores, the high variability in recall periods (two weeks to two years) will have likely resulted in variable outcomes. Following the removal of 685 duplicates, 947 records were screened for title and abstract. This work was supported by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme at the Centre for Geographical Medicine Research–Kilifi, supported by core funding from the Wellcome Trust [203077]. Table S2. One study originated from a less‐resourced setting and was conducted in Thailand [60] (Table 1). Palmer had sought to fill the last spot on the 18-member squad, but was bumped in favor of Nick Baumgartner. Of the eight studies that assessed strategies mobilizing MSM for AEHI testing, seven studies originated from well‐resourced settings [51,55‐59,61]. Media campaigns aimed to target MSM to increase knowledge and awareness of AEHI, the increased transmission risk, AEHI symptoms, AEHI tests and early treatment. Shaun Palmer was born on November 14, 1968 in San Diego, California, USA. Twelve studies exclusively included MSM [17,37‐39,49,50,52‐54,63‐65] and two studies focused on people who had presented for HIV testing (e.g. The studies included in this review used several testing strategies to identify AEHI, including point‐of‐care HIV‐RNA testing and (pooled) HIV viral load testing. Ian has 6 jobs listed on their profile. Early HIV infection (EHI) is usually defined as the first months after HIV acquisition [18,19]. In literature, different definitions are being used for AEHI based on the interval between infection and evolution of HIV tests as well as dynamics in antibodies over time. 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