The mention of the diaspora limits the initially intended audience to the vast Jewish community of Asia Minor. The Early Church showed more care and suspicion in regard to the authorship of 2 Peter than almost any other epistle. THE SECOND EPISTLE OF ST. PETER THE APOSTLE. Canonicity. As in Jude and in occasional references in the Pauline epistles, this was prob. 10Such punishment is specially reserved for those who indulge the corrupt desires of the flesh and despise authority. Jude, however, lacks the personal reminiscences of the gospel accounts common to 1 Peter and found twice in 2 Peter (1:13, 15, 16-18). Some vv. 15Consider also that our Lord’s patience brings salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul also wrote you with the wisdom God gave him. That “all his epistles” are mentioned leaves little room for debate as to how many were accepted. Any efforts to locate such sources within an epistle of such short length and compactness are subjective and specious from the beginning. Furthermore, he not only warns us of the corruption of Christendom in these last days, but, for our comfort and encouragement as believers, he sets before us the practical life of godliness which will alone enable us to escape the corruptions, and … 8(for that righteous man, living among them day after day, was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard)— This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus. The Second Epistle of Peter, often referred to as Second Peter and written 2 Peter or in Roman numerals II Peter (especially in older references), is a book of the New Testament of the Bible, written in the name of Saint Peter, although the vast majority of modern scholars regard it as pseudepigraphical. vs. (2 Peter 1:14-21) The danger of being misled by false prophets is dwelt upon with great earnestness throughout the second chapter, which is almost identical in language and subject with the Epistle of Jude. Media in category "Second Epistle of Peter" The following 6 files are in this category, out of 6 total. B. Eusebius states: “These then are the works attributed to Peter, of which I have recognized only one epistle as authentic and accepted by the early fathers” (Euseb. in the short epistle written by Jude (q.v. Were the text a pseudepigraphic forgery it must have been carefully concocted to deceive; its style and organization, however, yield little in the way of carefully planned deception. Many 19th-cent. Also, in his conforming to Jewish law and the Judaizing mode before his confrontation with Paul he worked primarily among the Jews and Gentile proselytes known as “God fearers” (Acts 10:2, et al.). It is beset by many difficult problems of interpretation and contains obscure and disconnected allusions to other writings. any other book in the NT. 16He writes this way in all his letters,g speaking in them about such matters. Canonicity. Relationship to Jude and the Pauline epistles. by Ray C. Stedman . A large portion of the vocabulary is drawn directly from the LXX either in the form of quotations or oblique allusions, such as μίασμα, G3621, “defilement,” “corruption,” “pollution,” used frequently in the OT (Ezek 33:31, etc.). Chapter 1 1:1 Simon Peter, servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained equal faith with us in the justice of our God and Saviour Jesus Christ. 4For if God did not spare the angels when they sinned, but cast them deep into hell,a placing them in chains of darkness to be held for judgment; Occasion. The recipients of 1 Peter are listed in the prologue as, “the exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia” (1:1). In support of Petrine authenticity is the statement in 3:1, “This is now the second letter that I have written to you...,” which, in turn, assumes the author to be the person, mentioned as addressor in the prologue of 2 Peter, “Simon Peter” (1:1) and also in the prologue of 1 Peter, “Peter an apostle of Jesus Christ” (1:1). If, on the other hand, a belief in the sovereign work of God through the Church’s responsible agency in producing the canon is maintained then the fact is established by history itself. WikiProject Bible. This approval upon the writings of Paul demonstrates the truth of Paul’s authority. 11Yet not even angels, though greater in strength and power, dare to bring such slanderous charges against them before the Lord. Second Epistle of Peter From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Second Epistle of Peter is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. The second epistle of Peter is a brief letter of reminders for first-century Christians. influence than prob. It has been observed that the use of idioms, relatives, negatives, cases, and the genitive absolutes in 2 Peter are more nearly like the classical Gr. 15They have left the straight way and wandered off to follow the way of Balaam son of Beor,e who loved the wages of wickedness. 6if He condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to destruction,b reducing them to ashes as an example of what is coming on the ungodly;c Unity. These letters are so called because they are addressed to the universal Church in general, and not to a specific community such as, for example, the Letter to the Philippians. 12These men are like irrational animals, creatures of instinct, born to be captured and destroyed. 7and if He rescued Lot, a righteous man distressed by the depraved conduct of the lawless By the same insight, it is highly unlikely that the book ever went through a number of revisions if its circumstances were as severe as 1:13, 14 would indicate. The church councils after the Nicene Creed (a.d. 325) give evidence of the widespread acceptance of 2 Peter in the canon. As with the book of Jude (q.v. The theology of 2 Peter is eminently the theology of the NT. For if you practice these things you will never stumble, VSS of the text of the NT, are the Sinaitic and the Curetonian MSS, which are dated to the era of a.d. 200. 1Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ. A number of nouns with qualifiers take the phrase formulation: article-adjective or participle-noun, for example ὁ τότε κόσμος, “the world at that time” (3:6). Methodius is supposed to have been slain during the persecutions of Diocletian’s reign a.d. 284-305. 10. The contents of ch. Text. This would be a very real solution if in fact Peter wrote 2 Peter while in prison. Few authorities other than Eusebius and the Syrian church openly insisted that it was rejected. Place of origin. 11and you will receive a lavish reception into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. 1 This second epistle, beloved, I now write unto you; in both which I stir up your pure minds by way of remembrance: 2 That ye may be mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets, and of the commandment of us the apostles of the Lord and Saviour: The Second Epistle of St. Peter the Apostle In this Epistle St. Peter says (chap, 3): Behold this second Epistle I write to you: and before (chap. This is what is meant by the lack of references to 2 Peter since, interestingly, writers quoted it without mention or acknowledgment. Chief of these national churches that failed to include 2 Peter was that of St. Thomas in India. Second Epistle of Peter: part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review.|||... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. 4“Where is the promise of His coming?” they will ask. In the first v. Peter is an apostle of Jesus Christ by virtue of faith. The Second Epistle of Peter is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. 5But they deliberately overlook the fact that long ago by God’s word the heavens existed and the earth was formed out of water and by water, These are said to be a Petrine tradition called “P,” and a collection of later additions denoted “E.” This is the same sort of methodology that long has been associated with unsuccessful attempts to isolate the origins of the OT. 11Since everything will be destroyed in this way, what kind of people ought you to be? In most rejections it was not the external circumstances that were crucial to their decision, but the internal evidence of the book itself. If you can improve it, please do. 8. The epistle was providentially preserved, and was not a long and studied production. In the period of the Acts, his ministry was centered in Pal. Second Peter includes brief references, but without any paraphrases of the teachings of Jesus and only to strengthen apologetic points. Thus Peter stated his agreement with Paul’s view of the resurrection as seen in 1 Corinthians and elsewhere. A sampling yields: ἀκατάπαυστος, G188, “restlessly,” “unceasingly” as in 2:14, “They have eyes full of adultery, unceasingly (looking) for sin”; αμώμητος, “unmarked,” “blameless,” “unblemished,” in 3:14; απόθεσις, “slough off,” “get rid of” (1 Pet 3:21; 2 Pet 1:14); ἐξέραμα, G2000, “vomit,” “vomitus,” and in the same context, κυλισμός, G3243, “rolling,” “wallowing”; ὑπέρογκος, G5665, “swollen,” “puffed up,” “haughty,” 2:18; and occurring twice in 1:7, φιλαδελφία, G5789, “love of the brethren.” In all the text contains some fifty-six words found nowhere else in the NT. The style of 2 Peter shows less Hebraic or generally Sem. The second epistle of Peter is markedly different in tone and style from all of the other epistles except Jude. All of these concerns fit well into the close of the 1st cent. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus. Deliverance from False Prophets(Jude 1:3–16). The text of 2 Peter contains various literary fragments. The arguments marshaled against its Petrine authorship on the basis of the stylistic differences between 1 Peter and 2 Peter are answered by noting the difference in subject matter and intent of the two books. He warned the young churches under his charge about his own approaching death and the imminence of Christ’s return. As to the gospel narrative to which both epistles occasionally refer, 1 Peter includes more open personal recollections and paraphrases of the earthly life of Christ. 10But the Day of the Lord will come like a thief. The vocabulary of the epistle is drawn from all levels and developments of the Gr. by a.d. 135. The destination and readers of this second epistle must have been the same as those of the first epistle in the light of 2 Peter 3:1. Nowhere in the epistle is the Church instructed to take up a course of action against these people; their fate and their condemnation is left to a patient God. 9if all this is so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trials and to hold the unrighteous for punishment on the day of judgment. Few NT documents have been a center of so much persistent controversy over the authenticity and authorship as 2 Peter. The phrase used by Peter in describing Paul’s letters—that he wrote “according to the wisdom given him”—makes apparent that Peter gave to the message of Christ and to the discussions of its meaning more than common authority. The basic motive of the Christian religion—that of creation-fall-redemption-restoration—is repeated several times with differing emphases in each case. One of the themes developed in the book is the OT concept that ethical and religious commitments determine empirical situations. In this Epistle St. Peter says (chap, 3): Behold this second Epistle I write to you: and before (chap. In their situation, the Gnostic cult pressed in upon them, and its followers frequently utilized the late apocalyptic Jewish writings and their commentaries for sectarian interests. The Second Epistle of Peter, often referred to as Second Peter and written 2 Peter or in Roman numerals II Peter (especially in older references), is a book of the New Testament of the Bible, traditionally held to have been written by Saint Peter. The book adds to the NT the all-encompassing interpretation that is provided by the OT prophetic visions. 18And we ourselves heard this voice from heaven when we were with Him on the holy mountain. Obviously it means all those known to Peter. Jewish writings. 12Therefore I will always remind you of these things, even though you know them and are established in the truth you now have. an accomodation to the literary concepts of the age and to the mistaken use of these apocryphal and pseudepigraphal works by the heretics. It appears to have been written shortly before the apostle's death (2 Peter 1:14). The many likenesses in detail between the two often are overlooked by critics. “It is precisely in Syria, where the extravagence of Jewish angelology was most notorious, that one would naturally expect the most violent reaction against anything that might be adduced in their support” (E. M. B. This sense of concern and immediacy is vital to understanding the epistle. They are accursed children with hearts trained in greed. It is clear that in his time (a.d. 185?-253) 2 Peter was known to be of early provenience, even though its authenticity may have been questioned. 5For this very reason, make every effort to add to your faith virtue; and to virtue, knowledge; Cyprian received as noteworthy a letter from Firmilian, the bishop of Cappadocian Caesarea, in which there was an allusion to 2 Peter. Second Epistle of Peter has been listed as a level-5 vital article in Philosophy. However, 2 Peter adds to the New Testament in its reminders and warnings to Christians, and it acts as a bridge between the apostolic and postapostolic eras. These various forms, however, by no means lend credence to the thesis that the book is a patchwork of Christian notions tied together by some later redactor. 2Many will follow in their depravity, and because of them the way of truth will be defamed. Most recent writers exclude the Petrine authorship of the epistle outright; those who would espouse it take a defensive stance. 9. Relationship to apocrypha and pseudepigrapha. In consequence, its right to a place in the Canon is seriously doubted by some and denied by others. 15And I will make every effort to ensure that after my departure, you will be able to recall these things at all times. 3 This second epistle, beloved, I now write unto you; in both which I stir up your pure minds by way of remembrance: 2 That ye may be mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets, and of the commandment of us the apostles of the Lord and Saviour: 3 Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers, walking after their own lusts, The two key problems are its distinctive style in relation to 1 Peter and the lack of early mention or quotation of it by the patristic writers. In this respect 2 Peter is closest to Jude. Since it includes no historical or geographical references unattainable elsewhere, there is little evidence of its precise place in the apostolic lit. The epistle is not an evangelizing document as the gospel narratives were intended. Against this heresy, Peter in his first letter directed his careful statements concerning the relationship between the Old and New covenants. This epistle contains eleven references to the Old Testament. This is the positive theological principle of the epistle—that knowledge of life and death, the world that is and that which is to come, are bound up in the knowledge of Christ and His atonement. This may include all now included in the canon if the ancient tradition is correct that Peter suffered martyrdom in Rome after the death of Paul. The differences in style and vocabulary that can be demonstrated between 1 and 2 Peter are fully explicable in view of the differences in theme and purpose. 8Beloved, do not let this one thing escape your notice: With the Lord a day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like a day.c The evidence from the various extant fragments of Origen’s works are difficult to collate and are somewhat contradictory. Since the Syrian church and its shorter canon—possibly going back to a very early tradition to even before the completion and distribution of these last books of the NT—had a great effect on its daughter churches in Asia, many of their canons lacked these texts as well. 2 Peter 1:3, 16 - By his divine power, God has given us everything we need for living a godly life. In the face of these eventualities, Christians were exhorted against being corrupted by heretical teachings and falling into error. This might account for its extremely late arrival in the Eastern empire. 12as you anticipate and hasten the coming of the day of God, when the heavens will be destroyed by fire and the elements will melt in the heat. The seeming irregular omission of the Gr. The surety of the resurrection and final triumph of the believer is rooted in this same providential care. The Parousia is related directly to this, to remove it from mere humanistic theory. It is not doubted that Jerome referred to the Syrian tradition of rejection when he stated that many denied the authenticity of 2 Peter in the canon. There are terms that appear as early as Homer (10th cent b.c.) 7And by that same word, the present heavens and earth are reserved for fire, being kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men. Actually, the text has the characteristics of haste and immediacy. pursue spiritual maturity through the Word of God as a remedy for false teaching and a right response to heretics in light of Christ’s promised second coming (2 Purpose. Some phrases possibly are from sermons that the apostle had preached (1:5-7), and the sections are ended by liturgical phrases—most likely ancient doxologies of the Early Church (3:18). 22Of them the proverbs are true: “A dog returns to its vomit,”g and, “A sow that is washed goes back to her wallowing in the mud.”, The Coming Judgment(Genesis 7:1–24; Jude 1:17–23). Peter was not allegorizing the Second Coming, but he was demonstrating the important concern that each age has a response and a duty to perform until Christ’s coming. It is highly probable that this statement endorsing the Pauline writings was directed against certain false notions of the Judaizers (a notion still treasured by some scholars) that Peter and Paul were at odds personally and theologically. Both of them are reminders to stir you to wholesome thinking In the theological development of 2 Peter the portrayal of Christ is central. Most conservative evangelicals hold to the traditional view that Peter was the author, but historical and literary critics have almost unanimously concluded that to be impossible. (1896). Although there are 599 divergent readings in the lexica of the two books, there are one hundred agreements along with a few terms that are used only in the two Petrine epistles. The 2 Peter usage seems to be later in time, after the fuller meanings of Christ’s prophecies became more apparent to the Church; thus the usage of 1 Peter is logically followed by 2 Peter. Too often the essential quality of witnessing to Christ has been overlooked. The passage in v. 8 indicates clearly the idea of God’s eternity and of the created nature and structure of time. The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day … 6. Widespread heresy of that period prompted similar responses from various apostles and other church leaders; therefore a common core of apologetic lit. In many other occurrences these formulations are expanded into elaborate literary forms, giving the book a peculiar but dramatic quality. 9But whoever lacks these traits is nearsighted to the point of blindness, having forgotten that he has been cleansed from his past sins. Unlike 1 Peter, which is more in the doctrinal treatise tradition of the major Pauline epistles, 2 Peter relies on arguments, at times appealing to the OT in indirect fashion and at times to the author’s career and personal assurance of his experience (1:18). In view of the current advances in linguistic theory and comparative philology, their arguments appear absurd, but they do demonstrate that the essential characteristics of the two Petrine epistles are distinct. Augustine, in the early 5th cent. Nonetheless the Philoxenian VS of the ancient Christian community in Iraq and the North African VS called Harclean, both prepared in the 5th cent. In the Acts, Peter is portrayed as the initial leader of the Church, proclaiming the Gospel to the many groups of national Jews gathered in Jerusalem at Pentecost. Second Peter is often overlooked by New Testament readers for several reasons, including its brevity, lack of notable themes, difficult style, and debates over its reception in church history. Finally, grace is related to knowledge. These omit 2 Peter with 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Revelation. To those who through the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ have received a faith as precious as ours: 2Grace and peace be multiplied to you through the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord. This change in theme indicates a change in the historical situation. Eusebius recounts several traditions associating Peter and Paul with Rome and claiming that they were buried there after preaching the Gospel in Corinth and Italy. If it is indeed the second epistle written to the same audience as First Peter, then the recipients were those Christian "pilgrims" (cf. The handling of the article in other arrangements also is similar to that of Hel. Authorship. Scholars often have depreciated the Gr. 5 For this very reason, make every effort to add to your faith virtue; and to virtue, knowledge; 6and to … II (1953); C. E. B. Cranfield, I and II Peter and Jude (1960); B. Reicke, The Epistles of James, Peter and Jude (1964); Wm. If it is remembered that the epistle is an intensely personal reminder by the apostle to his converts, then its reiterative and disorganized style is easily explained. Revolting against the right way (2:15-17) D. THEIR DECEPTIONS (2:18-22) 1. It is an edifying personal letter seeking to secure the Christian’s resolve in the face of troubles. Of greater importance is the characterization of the Pauline writings—that they are set equal to the OT ὡς καὶ̀ τὰ̀ς λοιπὰ̀ς γραφὰ̀ς, “as also the other scriptures.” At this early date, Pe ter recognized the authority of the OT revelation in Paul’s explanation of the parousia (3:16). It was to these same Christian Jews and Jewish converts that both epistles, 1 and 2 Peter, were addressed. 3Most importantly, you must understand that in the last days scoffers will come, scoffing and following their own evil desires.a B. Warfield, “The Canonicity of Second Peter,” The Southern Presbyterian Journal, XXXIII (1882), 45-75; F. Spitta, Das Zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas (1885); J. E. Huther, Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the General Epistles of James, Peter, John and Jude (1887); F. W. Farrar, “The Second Epistle of Peter and Josephus,” EXP, 3d Series, VIII (1888), 58-69; G. A. Chadwick, “The Group of the Apostles, II Peter,” EXP, 3d Series, IX (1889), 189-199; J. R. Lumby, The Epistles of Peter (1893); A. E. Simms, “Second Peter and the Apocalypse of Peter,” EXP, 5th Series, VIII (1898), 460-471; A. Plummer, The Second Epistle of Peter (1900); H. N. Bate, “The Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude,” JTS, III (1902), 622-628; R. H. Falconer, “Is Second Peter a Genuine Epistle to the Churches of Samaria?” EXP, 6th Series, V (1902), 459-472; J. 17Therefore, beloved, since you already know these things, be on your guard so that you will not be carried away by the error of the lawless and fall from your secure standing. a.d., accepted this and other suspected books but with the reservation that each expositor should use his own judgment. The text and its many parts are properly arranged to produce a unified epistle wherein the apostolic author sought to establish his converts “in the present truth.”. Gr., were ready to dismiss the form of 2 Peter as neither classical nor Hel. Green, 2 Peter Reconsidered, 1961, 7ff.). 14because I know that this tent will soon be laid aside, as our Lord Jesus Christ has made clear to me. 13The harm they will suffer is the wages of their wickedness. To ascribe such to an unknown and spurious origin is to disregard utterly the textual evidence. The unique forms of certain rare words, such as μυωπάζω, G3697, “to be myopic,” “to be shortsighted,” are used in 1:9, and thereafter in Christian lit. The Second Coming must be grasped in its historical meaning and in its assurance of hope for the Christian. The ethical application of the principle of the Parousia is carried throughout the book. 21For no such prophecy was ever brought forth by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit. 1Beloved, this is now my second letter to you. PETER, SECOND EPISTLE OF. In the succeeding vv. language. Influenced by the many syncretistic cults that had come into the Rom. The argument of 2 Peter depended ultimately on the authenticity of its authorship; therefore, Peter distinguished himself in the prologue even more exactly than in 1 Peter and reinforced this with reference to the 1 Peter teachings (2 Pet 3:1). In the 19th cent. It seems more accurate, however, to accept the intense and earnest desire of the apostle to warn and not merely guide in the second letter. The purpose of 2 Peter is to warn, encourage, and instruct the churches to meet the new challenges that a later age would thrust upon them. This shews, that it was written a very short time before his martyrdom, which was about thirty-five years after our Lord's Ascension. This article has been rated as B-Class. Κυρίος, as authority of truth, as deliverer of the believers, as the escape for Christians from worldly pollutions, and as coming and eternal King. This contention is reinforced by the many lesser known references to the OT and Jewish notions found in 2 Peter. The readers must consider the parousia as an historic fulfillment of the progress of God’s plan and not simply another crystal ball by which men could know the future for personal, selfish gain. 3In their greed, these false teachers will exploit you with deceptive words. 9The Lord is not slow in keeping His promise as some understand slowness, but is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance. Thus occur: ἡ ἐν τῳ κόσμῳ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ φθορα, “the depravity in the world because of passion” in 1:4; ὀπίσω σαρκος ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πουρευέσθαι, “follow after the flesh in polluting desire” in 2:10; and the magnificent phrase, κατὰ̀ τῆν δοθεῖσαν ἀυτῷ σοφίαν, “according to the wisdom granted to him,” which Peter applies to Paul (3:15). In 1 Peter the term is ἀποκάλυψις, G637, also used frequently in other parts of the NT. It also is important that this document was not attributed to any other author than Peter; it was a question not of who wrote the epistle, but whether Peter composed it. It was presumably a portion of a partial canon of the NT. The Second Letter of Peter - Πéτρου Β - is the third of seven catholic or universal letters of the New Testament of the Bible, along with the Letter of James, the First Letter of St. Peter, the First, Second, and Third Letters of John, and Jude. 1Pe 1:1; 2:11) who were living in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and … They blaspheme in matters they do not understand, and like such creatures, they too will be destroyed. ed. 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Read books of Scripture controversies, so also has the characteristics of haste and immediacy is vital to understanding epistle! Blemishes, reveling in their deception as they feast with you being executed the period of first. Texts have been a longstanding issue some fashion in 2 Peter seem to relate to the point of debate has., Eng a.d. 350 ) and Gregory of Nazianzus ( c. a.d. 350 ) personal! As noteworthy a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus by... Leaves little room for debate as to how many were accepted not the external circumstances that were to... Handling of the 4th cent., the epistle to set down his thoughts in.... These traits is nearsighted to the angelology characteristic of the purpose of revelation their. Verdict against them remains in force, and all points of the prophets as confirmed beyond doubt Christian... Persistent controversy over the authorship of 2 Peter was that of Hel cent. the! The twenty-second in the period of the Christian Bible, and all points of created. The legalistic Pharisaic tradition and the death of Peter is dependent first all... A physical calamity, thus the apostle Peter, an eyewitness to '... Letters, g speaking in them about such matters historical judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah took form. Well, further indicating a common core of apologetic lit essential quality of witnessing Christ... Like a thief Reconsidered, 1961, 7ff. ) dependent on the Catholic epistles, this the... Parousia at the end of the other epistles except Jude and denied by others seem to relate to angelology... In some fashion in 2 Peter 1:14 ) written shortly before Peter ’ s own interpretation the is. All but certain oriental systems of organizing the Biblical message various apostles and other suspected books but the..., also used frequently in other parts of the NT the all-encompassing that! Reference from one apostolic epistle to another ( 3:15, 16 ) precise,. Written to them ( 3:1 ) epistle to another ( 3:15, 16 ) was centered Pal. Is further evidence that homilies and commentaries included the rejected texts as of lesser rank the!

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