The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of 1,300 km (810 mi). [80] At Port Blair, the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage. Communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean were severely affected, and the tsunamis killed an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). The disaster was the world's deadliest tsunami, with over 230,000 people killed and half a million injured by the waves that battered the low-lying coast. Their seismic moments can account for a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale periods. Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m (16 ft) to 9 m (30 ft) with inundation distances varying from 44 m (144 ft) to 704 m (2,310 ft). The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. Amateur video recorded taken at a resort beach showed the tsunami arriving as a large wall of water as it approached the coast and flooding it as it advanced inland. Copy link. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand. In South Andaman island, based on local eyewitnesses, there were three tsunami waves, with the third being the most destructive. The total physical work done MW (and thus energy) by the quake was 4.0×1022 joules (40 ZJ),[31] the vast majority underground, which is over 360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to 9,600 gigatons of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years of energy use in the United States at 2005 levels of 1.08×1020 joules (108 EJ). In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee. 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The tsunami brought the Island its biggest loss of life, damage to property and disruption of livelihood caused by a natural disaster in living memory: 52 persons dead, 5 missing and 206 injured; 615 houses and 1,332 boats damaged, according to the Penang government’s statistics. The refracted tsunami waves then inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy was reflected from impact with the Maldives. At Koh Sriboya, the tsunami advanced inland as a turbulent medium bore, while at Koh Phayam, Ranong Province, the tsunami appeared as a wall of water. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water". In comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas, the much greater distances to more populated coasts, and the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan. The most affected was Prakasham District, recording 35 deaths, with maximum damage at Singraikonda. [75][76][77][78], The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs includes:[78], Along the coast of Tamil Nadu, the 13 km (8.1 mi) Marina Beach in Chennai was battered by the tsunami which swept across the beach taking morning walkers unaware. [142], The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. The tsunami, which killed 65 … The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate. The tsunami reached the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the southeastern coastline of the Indian mainland about 2 hours after the earthquake. Amateur video recorded at the city of Galle showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of Beruwala, the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange colored bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Key words: Coupled tsunami model, Tsunami, Penang Island, Indonesian Tsunami 2004. [citation needed]. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate. Chapter 6, "Thailand", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate, causing partial melting and the formation of magma. [23] The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as high as 6.1) and presently ranks as the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), might have moved south-west by up to 36 m (120 ft), but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 0.2 m (8 in). The 71 casualties can be attributed to poor housing infrastructure and additionally, the fact that the coastal residents in the surveyed areas live on flat land along the coast, especially in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta, and that there is no higher ground to which to evacuate. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to 15 m (50 ft), will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake. [21], Great earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, are associated with megathrust events in subduction zones. The Andaman tsunami that occurred on 26 December 2004 killed about a quarter million people worldwide, of which 52 deaths happened in Penang, Malaysia. [87], The tsunami travelled 5,000 km (3,100 mi) west across the open ocean before striking the East African country of Somalia. Video footage showed that the tsunami appeared as multiple white surfs violently lifting up yachts, boats and crashing onto beaches. [46][47] The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. [133], Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. [53] On Maikhao Beach in north Phuket City, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunamis in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. Many villages in the state of Andhra Pradesh were destroyed. At least 82 people were killed and another 26 were missing in the Maldives. [122], Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. The ground level was about 2 m above sea level, and there were many cottages and hotels. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19 ft). [136] Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. [1] The deaths at Penang were reported to include many picnickers and children who were playing on open public beaches. The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa, about 8,500 km (5,300 mi) away, where a 1.5-metre-high (5 ft) tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. A regular passenger train operating between Maradana and Matara was derailed and overturned by the tsunami and claimed at least 1,700 lives, the largest single rail disaster death toll in history. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as 10 km (6 mi) across the seabed. The tsunami destroyed settlements at Hut Bay within a range of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the seashore. The number of deaths currently stands at 68 with 52 in Penang, 12 in Kedah, 3 in Perak and 1 in Selangor. [137] Saudi cleric Muhammad Al-Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine" during Christmas break. Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Kerala backwaters. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm (0.02 mm; 0.0008 in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake.[33]. Helicopter surveys showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction within miles inland, and only some mosques left standing. T. Ghosh, P. Jana, T.S. [26], The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both Leuser Mountain[27] and Mount Talang,[28] volcanoes in Aceh along the same range of peaks, while the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake had sparked activity in Lake Toba, an ancient crater in Sumatra. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. [42], The tsunami, like all others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. We are looking east on the side of Penang away from... Taken from my balcony at 2 pm on 26 Dec 2004, about 5 hours after the Boxing Day Earthquake in Indonesia. Fishermen whose boats were lost would be given MYR 1,000 for smaller boats and MYR 3,000 for larger boats.[2]. The tsunami heights recorded:[72][73]. The tsunami hit during high tide. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. [60][61] Due to close proximity to the earthquake, the tsunami took just minutes to devastate the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Within 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) of the shoreline, houses, except for strongly-built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls, which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack, were swept away or destroyed by the tsunami. A COP who was declared dead following the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami has reportedly been found alive in a psychiatric hospital more than 16 years later. The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami on Boxing Day 2004 killed around 230,000 people, making it one of the biggest natural disasters ever. [81][82][83] The significant shielding of Port Blair and Campbell Bay by steep mountainous outcrops contributed to the relatively low wave heights at these locations, whereas the open terrain along the eastern coast at Malacca and Hut Bay contributed to the great height of the tsunami waves.[82][84]. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included Leupung, Lhokruet, Lamno, Patek, Calang, and Teunom. [143] In response, the Indian Minister of Home Affairs announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami was likely along the southern Indian coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by the vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. 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