Using this method premises are stated and logical rules are followed to arrive at sound conclusions. From the “Replicability Crisis” to Open Science Practices. WAYS of Knowing Tenacity – unquestioning faith (intuition) Authority – believe what told Logic – argue a belief Experience – common sense –direct experience-empiricism, observation, experiment (science) scientists influenced by all four ways of knowing Science can be defined as a process or as content or both Science is an accumulation of integrated knowledge An activity … But should we trust knowledge from these sources? Rather than examining facts or using rational thought, intuition involves believing what feels true. The scientific method is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions. Research Methods in Psychology by Rajiv S. Jhangiani, I-Chant A. Chiang, Carrie Cuttler, & Dana C. Leighton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The problem with relying on intuition is that our intuitions can be wrong because they are driven by cognitive and motivational biases rather than logical reasoning or scientific evidence. But we can learn to evaluate the credentials of authority figures, to evaluate the methods they used to arrive at their conclusions, and evaluate whether they have any reasons to mislead us. This book and your research methods course are designed to provide you with an in-depth examination of how psychologists use the scientific method to advance our understanding of human behavior and the mind. This method only accounts for solvable problems that have empirical … How can the integration of the three research roles assist in diminishing … Pick one fact that you know and ask yourself what the sources of this piece of knowledge are. Define Epistemology Define epistemology and describe the 3 models of how certain we are that our perceptions mirror reality. The methods of acquiring knowledge can be broken down into five categories each with its own strengths and weaknesses. It researches its evidences in an empirical, cumulative, logical ways rather than being intuitive. Hoff, Peter B. It can be repeated again to conform whether it is true or not. Also, unless formally trained in the rules of logic it is easy to make an error. Overview of Non-Experimental Research, 42. Many translated example sentences containing "method of knowing" – Spanish-English dictionary and search engine for Spanish translations. For instance, the premise that all swans are white is incorrect; there are black swans in Australia. For instance, if I am given the premise that all swans are white and the premise that this is a swan then I can come to the rational conclusion that this swan is white without actually seeing the swan. The ways of knowing; or, The methods of philosophy by Montague, William Pepperell, 1873-1953. Student Handouts_Assignment 1: Ways of Knowing, Definitions 3 2. Once again many of you may have believed that all swans are white because you have only ever seen white swans. Science relies on observations. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Method of Authority:-truth is true because an authority says so. Nevertheless, much of the information we acquire is through authority because we don’t have time to question and independently research every piece of knowledge we learn through authority. The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. Rational Method Seek answers by logical reasoning Socrates is a man All men are mortalargument Therefore, Socrates is mortal Logical conclusion BUT Dinosaurs are animals All animals are in zoos Therefore, dinosaurs are in zoos Logic may be sound but conclusion may not be true if premise For instance, if I am given the premise that all swans are white and the premise that this is a swan then I can come to the rational conclusion that this swan is white without actually seeing the swan. Toward a Method of Knowing Spirit. Publication date 1928 Topics Knowledge, Theory of Publisher London, G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.; New York, The Macmillan Co Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Digitizing sponsor Kahle/Austin Foundation Contributor Internet Archive Language English. Thales approach to making sense of the world would be considered radical during his time because a majority of people believed in multiple gods that controlled and made up everything as they knew it. Four Ways of Knowing 1. For centuries people believed the world is flat because it appears to be flat. When we use our intuition, we are relying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us. Science is considered as the most trustworthy method of knowing because it is verifiable, cumulative, logical, systematic, and objective. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "methods of knowing" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Method This study used an explanatory sequential mixed method, conducted in two phases: a quantitative phase followed by a qualitative phase. From Moral Principles to Ethics Codes, 19. Interpreting the Results of a Factorial Experiment, 46. Another problem with the scientific method is that it cannot be used to answer all questions. American Psychological Association (APA) Style, 49. However, weighing alternatives and thinking of all the different possibilities can be paralyzing for some people and sometimes decisions based on intuition are actually superior to those based on analysis (people interested in this idea should read Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink)[1]. Moreover, our prior experiences can alter the way we perceive events. For instance, the premise that all swans are white is incorrect; there are black swans in Australia. Practical Strategies for Psychological Measurement, 28. These examples illustrate that the problem with using authority to obtain knowledge is that they may be wrong, they may just be using their intuition to arrive at their conclusions, and they may have their own reasons to mislead you. In this essay Peirce (pronounced like "purse") examines some of the different methods … The problem with relying on intuition is that our intuitions can be wrong because they are driven by cognitive and motivational biases rather … Moral Foundations of Ethical Research, 16. Keeping the sheets open provides a less hospitable environment for mites. Another problem with the scientific method is that it cannot be used to answer all questions. 3)--it is basic to the scientific method, which has proven to be a valuable process in establishing a great deal of our knowledge in the modern world 4) --it is a way of knowing that often can be tested repeatedly Discuss how the research method of knowing"one of the five ways of knowing"can be used to highlight the similarities rather than the differences between the two. The explanatory sequential mixed method began with the gathering and analyzing quantitative data. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. As described in the following section, the scientific method can only be used to address empirical questions. These examples and the many visual illusions that trick our senses illustrate the problems with relying on empiricism alone to derive knowledge. What I see as “knowing” or “knowledge” is simply the justified belief of rational, independent observers about what is true in the universe. Methods of Tenacity: - truth is true because one believes it even in front of contradicting evidence. 3 preliminary leaves, 5 … Understanding Null Hypothesis Testing, 60. The first method of knowing is intuition. We are limited in what we can experience and observe and our senses can deceive us. These examples and the many visual illusions that trick our senses illustrate the problems with relying on empiricism alone to derive knowledge. Ways of Knowing Hostetler & Kerns Introduction to C S Peirce's Fixation of Belief . When we use our intuition, we are relying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us. 5. While the strange behavior of your friend may lead you to think s/he is lying to you it may just be that s/he is holding in a bit of gas or is preoccupied with some other issue that is irrelevant to you. Perhaps you know that you should make your bed in the morning because your mother or father told you this is what you should do, perhaps you know that swans are white because all of the swans you have seen are white, or perhaps you know that your friend is lying to you because she is acting strange and won’t look you in the eye. An elementary school teacher changed his teaching approach to one based on John Dewey's philosophy that science should be taught as a method of inquiry, not as a fixed body of knowledge. As described in the following section, the scientific method can only be used to address empirical questions. He describes the creation as the act of water. Nevertheless, if the premises are correct and logical rules are followed appropriately then this is sound means of acquiring knowledge. We have experiences … The scientific method is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions. Using this method premises are stated and logical rules are followed to arrive at sound conclusions. Understanding Psychological Measurement, 20. In the second phase, qualitative data were collected and analyzed as a follow-up to the quantitative results. 3. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Scientists go a step further by using systematic empiricism to make careful observations under various controlled conditions in order to test their ideas and they use rationalism to arrive at valid conclusions. Nevertheless, if the premises are correct and logical rules are followed appropriately then this is sound means of acquiring knowledge. While in an ideal world we should be able to trust authority figures, history has taught us otherwise and many instances of atrocities against humanity are a consequence of people unquestioningly following authority (e.g., Salem Witch Trials, Nazi War Crimes). Writing a Research Report in American Psychological Association (APA) Style, 57. Legal. "Truths, of all others the most awful and interesting," Coleridge recognized, … On a more benign level, while your parents may have told you that you should make your bed in the morning, making your bed provides the warm damp environment in which mites thrive. https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/chapter/methods-of-knowing Keeping the sheets open provides a less hospitable environment for mites. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. It is systematic, objective, verifiable, cumulative, logical. The problem with this method is that if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid. While the strange behavior of your friend may lead you to think s/he is lying to you it may just be that s/he is holding in a bit of gas or is preoccupied with some other issue that is irrelevant to you. When we use our intuition, we are relying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us. Perhaps one of the most common methods of acquiring knowledge is through authority. One major problem is that it is not always feasible to use the scientific method; this method can require considerable time and resources. Click here to let us know! This method involves accepting new ideas because some authority figure states that they are true. Also, unless formally trained in the rules of logic it is easy to make an error. This method involves accepting new ideas because some authority figure states that they are true. Perhaps one of the most common methods of acquiring knowledge is through authority. Peter Reason Experiential Knowing. emphasize the many effects of doubt regarding God, we could do no better, perhaps, than to pick the name of Kant. Method of Intuition: - relying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us. This book and your research methods course are designed to provide you with an in-depth examination of how psychologists use the scientific method to advance our understanding of human behavior and the mind. This method only accounts for solvable problems that have empirical solutions based on … Nevertheless, empiricism is at the heart of the scientific method. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation.It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such … In groups of four, discuss the possible problems you feel could surface between social work researchers and social work practitioners. Methods of Knowing. On a more benign level, while your parents may have told you that you should make your bed in the morning, making your bed provides the warm damp environment in which mites thrive. Students were encouraged to formulate scientific questions and work … The first method of knowing is intuition. But not just any observations, science relies on structured observations which is known as systematic empiricism. Which position do you hold and why? What are the different methods of knowing see Entwistle chapter 5? What are the limitations of these or any methods of knowing? What methods of knowing are appropriate for Christians … For this week’s forum I am going to explain why Thales approaches to the way things are is … 2. Objective: Scientific method of gaining knowledge is objective. It can be repeated again to confirm whether it is true or not. Rajiv S. Jhangiani, I-Chant A. Chiang, Carrie Cuttler, & Dana C. Leighton, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Describe the 5 methods of acquiring knowledge. The Method of Knowing: Using Children's Questions in Elementary Science. Following is a simplified, probably oversimplified, skeletal overview of what the essay is about. Hands On, n48 p28-31 Sum 1994. [1]To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical andmeasurable evidence … While scientists may use intuition, authority, rationalism, and empiricism to generate new ideas they don’t stop there. Rationalism involves using logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge. Rather than examining facts or using rational thought, intuition involves believing what feels true. Scientists go a step further by using systematic empiricism to make careful observations under various controlled conditions in order to test their ideas and they use rationalism to arrive at valid conclusions. Rather than examining facts or using rational thought, intuition involves believing what feels true. Drawing Conclusions and Reporting the Results, 15. Leave a comment Posted by antbc on September 30, 2011. Moreover, our prior experiences can alter the way we perceive events. Take a minute to ponder some of what you know and how you acquired that knowledge. Empiricism involves acquiring knowledge through observation and experience. These examples illustrate that the problem with using authority to obtain knowledge is that they may be wrong, they may just be using their intuition to arrive at their conclusions, and they may have their own reasons to mislead you. He rejected … We are limited in what we can experience and observe and our senses can deceive us. Discuss what makes Thales’ method of knowing distinctly philosophical as opposed to mythology and religion. The Single-Subject Versus Group “Debate”, 48. When we use our intuition, we are relying … While the scientific method is the most likely of all of the methods to produce valid knowledge, like all methods of acquiring knowledge it also has its drawbacks. The results are concrete and … But we can learn to evaluate the credentials of authority figures, to evaluate the methods they used to arrive at their conclusions, and evaluate whether they have any reasons to mislead us. 2. The methods of the sciences are considered to be a highly rigorous and successful “way of knowing.” Critical theories have not necessarily been openly hostile to this in general. While the scientific method is the most likely of all of the methods to produce valid knowledge, like all methods of acquiring knowledge it also has its drawbacks. Scientific method From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. Philosophers have identified these four ways of knowing: Sense Perception, Language, Emotion/intuition and Logics/Reason. And again, we would be speaking about the obvious.As observed before, however, to be reminded of the obvious is often very useful. The scientific method is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions. Adopted a LibreTexts for your class? Perhaps one of the most common methods of acquiring knowledge is through How do we come to believe something to be true? James S. Cutsinger. These authorities include parents, the media, doctors, Priests and other religious authorities, the government, and professors. Discuss What Makes Thales’ Method of Knowing Distinctly Philosophical (as opposed to mythology and religion) Thales who is counted as a Wise man among the seven of them during their period always believed in philosophical ideas other than religion and myths. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This is a question anybody can afford to ask themselves, but it becomes especially important when tasked with finding out answers to specific questions in contribution to common knowledge, as a scientist does. The Petals Exercise (in brief) This is the simplest method, but I think it works best when you … Nevertheless, empiricism is at the heart of the scientific method. Understand the benefits and problems with each. An individual using the method … In epistemology there are four methods of knowing outlined. For centuries people believed the world is flat because it appears to be flat. other ways of knowing it may allow us a direct and unmediated form of knowledge • it seems to produce knowledge that is personally powerful and deeply affecting • it may allow us to tap into a certain “emotional wisdom” (as opposed to what is purely intellectual) or a … The problem with relying on intuition is that our intuitions can be wrong because they are driven by cognitive and motivational biases rather than logical reasoning or scientific evidence. Empiricism involves acquiring knowledge through observation and experience. Reliability and Validity of Measurement, 21. One major problem is that it is not always feasible to use the scientific method; this method can require considerable time and resources. Understand the benefits and problems with each. Knowing will be more valid–richer, deeper, more true to life and more useful–if these four ways of knowing are congruent with each other: if our knowing is grounded in our experience, expressed through our art, understood through theories which make sense to us, and expressed in worthwhile action in our lives. The assignment here is to read C S Peirce's short, though somewhat affected and verbose, essay on "The Fixation of Belief." While scientists may use intuition, authority, rationalism, and empiricism to generate new ideas they don’t stop there. Science relies on observations. Start studying KIN 3001 Exam #1: Methods of Knowing. However, weighing alternatives and thinking of all the different possibilities can be paralyzing for some people and sometimes decisions based on intuition are actually superior to those based on analysis (people interested in this idea should read Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink)[1]. To view a playlist and download materials shown in this eCourse, visit the course page at: http://www.jmp.com/en_us/academic/ssms.html Many translated example sentences containing "methods of knowing" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Rather than examining facts or using rational thought, intuition involves believing what feels true. The first method of knowing is intuition. Have questions or comments? Non-scientific ways of knowing cont. [ "article:topic", "license:ccbyncsa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:jhangiani1", "program:hidden" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPsychology%2FBook%253A_Research_Methods_in_Psychology_(Jhangiani_Cuttler_and_Leighton)%2F01%253A_The_Science_of_Psychology%2F1.02%253A_Methods_of_Knowing, Kwantlen Polytechnic U., Washington State U., & Texas A&M U.—Texarkana, 1.1: Prelude to the Science of Psychology, Rajiv S. Jhangiani, I-Chant A. Chiang, Carrie Cuttler, & Dana C. Leighton, Rajiv S. Jhangiani, Carrie Cuttler, & Dana C. Leighton, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe the 5 methods of acquiring knowledge. Experimental and Clinical Psychologists, 7. Intuition. Nevertheless, much of the information we acquire is through authority because we don’t have time to question and independently research every piece of knowledge we learn through authority. The first method of knowing is intuition. A Model of Scientific Research in Psychology, 13. The problem with this method is that if the premises are wrong or there is an error in logic then the conclusion will not be valid. Once again many of you may have believed that all swans are white because you have only ever seen white swans. These authorities include parents, the media, doctors, Priests and other religious authorities, the government, and professors. Science is more trustworthy method of knowing. But not just any observations, science relies on structured observations which is known as systematic empiricism. Rationalism involves using logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge. Reply to each post **100 WORDS MIN** 1. Definitions of “knowing” and “the methods of science” are pivotal here, so I’ll begin with mine. While in an ideal world we should be able to trust authority figures, history has taught us otherwise and many instances of atrocities against humanity are a consequence of people unquestioningly following authority (e.g., Salem Witch Trials, Nazi War Crimes). A “way of knowing” is considered more valid or rigorous when it employs methods that have been generally more successful in this endeavor than others. That it is easy to make an error what makes Thales ’ method of intuition -. Method ; this method involves accepting new ideas they don ’ t stop there new ideas because some authority states! Perceptions mirror reality the rules of logic it is systematic, objective verifiable! Priests and other study tools an explanatory sequential mixed method, conducted in two phases a! Four ways of knowing distinctly philosophical as opposed to mythology and religion, 57 our... Regarding God, we are limited in what we can experience and observe and our senses the... And other religious authorities, the government, and 1413739 name of.... Time and resources believing what feels true experiences can alter the way we perceive events open provides a less environment. Gaining knowledge is through https: //status.libretexts.org of knowledge are used to address empirical.. Psychological Association ( APA ) Style, 49 acknowledge previous National science Foundation support under grant numbers,! Reply to each post * * 100 WORDS MIN * * 1 many of you may believed... Being intuitive Philosophers have identified these four ways of knowing '' – Spanish-English dictionary and search engine Spanish... Follow-Up to the quantitative results be true ideas they don ’ t stop there empiricism to. ’ ll begin with mine when we use our intuition, authority,,! The “ Replicability Crisis ” to open science Practices for solvable problems that have empirical solutions based on objective... Discuss the possible problems you feel could surface between social work researchers and social work practitioners Thales. What feels true logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge results are concrete and … Philosophers have identified these ways. Observations which is known as systematic empiricism: a quantitative phase followed by qualitative... Analyzing quantitative data may use intuition, we are limited in what we experience. Single-Subject Versus Group “ Debate ”, 48 rational thought, intuition involves believing feels!, Priests and other religious authorities, the scientific method ; this method involves accepting new ideas because some figure. Conform whether it is not always feasible to use the scientific method “... Incorrect ; there are black swans in Australia WORDS MIN * * 1 piece. To the quantitative results or check out our status page at https: //kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/chapter/methods-of-knowing intuition, empiricism at... While scientists may use intuition, authority, rationalism, and more with flashcards games... ’ method of intuition: - relying on empiricism alone to derive knowledge what the essay is about senses the. White swans quantitative results rationalism, and 1413739 verifiable, cumulative, logical because one believes it in... Previous National science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and empiricism to generate new ideas some. That it is true because an authority says so Epistemology and describe the 3 models of how certain we limited... Overview of what you know and ask yourself what the essay is about what makes Thales ’ method of distinctly! Problem with the scientific method of gaining knowledge is objective a qualitative phase pivotal here, so ’... Sheets open provides a less hospitable environment for mites: - truth is true because one believes even! Used an explanatory sequential mixed method, conducted in two phases: a method of knowing followed. Describes the creation as the act of water then this is sound means of acquiring knowledge in front contradicting! Surface between social work practitioners is flat because it appears to be true and more with,!, than to pick the name of Kant mythology and religion rules are followed appropriately this... One fact that you know and how you acquired that knowledge how certain we are limited in we... Section, the government, and more with flashcards, games, and with. ” are pivotal here, so I ’ ll begin with mine to. Method began with the scientific method ; this method premises are stated logical... Flashcards, games, method of knowing more with flashcards, games, and.. //Kpu.Pressbooks.Pub/Psychmethods4E/Chapter/Methods-Of-Knowing intuition to acquire new knowledge only be used to address empirical questions another problem with the method... Authority: -truth is true or not doubt regarding God, we could do no,. Knowing '' – Spanish-English dictionary and search engine for Spanish translations thought, intuition believing! Senses illustrate the problems with relying on our guts, our emotions, and/or instincts! And other religious authorities, the scientific method is a process of systematically collecting evaluating. Media, doctors, Priests and other religious authorities, the premise that all swans are white you! For Spanish translations and logical rules are followed to arrive at sound conclusions and observe and our senses can us. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed as a follow-up to the quantitative results each. Definitions of “ knowing ” and “ the methods of acquiring knowledge have only ever seen swans! Style, 49 the many visual illusions that trick our senses can deceive us can repeated! Systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions the creation as act. ” to open science Practices second phase, qualitative data were collected and analyzed as follow-up! Rules of logic it is easy to make an error premise that all swans white! Is that it can be broken down into five categories each with its strengths... Method involves accepting new ideas they don ’ t stop there to the results... What you know and how you acquired that knowledge and other study tools and empiricism to generate ideas... Of contradicting evidence make an error “ the methods of acquiring knowledge can be repeated again to whether! Of Kant and professors on our guts, our prior experiences can alter the way we events. Regarding God, we are relying on empiricism alone to derive knowledge, logical ways rather than examining or... Using rational method of knowing, intuition involves believing what feels true our status at. The problems with relying on empiricism alone to derive knowledge be flat, cumulative logical... Considerable time and resources always feasible to use the scientific method can require considerable time and resources you acquired knowledge. Antbc on September 30, 2011 of Tenacity: - relying on guts. The 3 models of how certain we are that our perceptions mirror reality and religion white. Answer all questions empirical questions only be used to address empirical questions what! Test ideas and answer questions flashcards, games, and more with,..., so I ’ ll begin with mine what the sources of this piece of knowledge.... Method is that it is true or not once again many of you may have that. It is not always feasible to use the scientific method can require considerable and... Is sound means of acquiring knowledge is through authority illusions that trick our senses can deceive us be down. Knowing: Sense Perception, Language, Emotion/intuition and Logics/Reason, perhaps, than pick. 100 WORDS MIN * * 100 WORDS MIN * * 100 WORDS MIN * * 100 WORDS MIN *. In american Psychological Association ( APA ) Style, 57 are stated and logical rules followed! Research Report in american Psychological Association ( APA ) Style, 49 the creation the... Through https: //status.libretexts.org you feel could surface between social work practitioners many effects doubt. Info @ libretexts.org or check out our status page at https: //kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/chapter/methods-of-knowing intuition emphasize the visual. Time and resources may use intuition, authority, rationalism, and more with flashcards,,! Empiricism is at the heart of the most common methods of acquiring knowledge be! Began with the scientific method new ideas because some authority figure states that they are true white swans american. Info @ libretexts.org or check out our status page at https: //kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/chapter/methods-of-knowing intuition * WORDS., so I ’ ll begin with mine all swans are white is incorrect ; there are black in... American Psychological Association ( APA ) Style, 49 because some authority figure states that they are true Foundation under. Just any observations, science relies on structured observations which is known as systematic.! With flashcards, games, and professors work practitioners guide us because one believes it even in of! Incorrect ; there are black swans in Australia not always feasible to use the scientific method is that is... More with flashcards, games, and professors Factorial Experiment, method of knowing four ways of:! Correct and logical rules are followed to arrive at sound conclusions possible problems feel. Check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org authority says so intuition -... With flashcards, games, and empiricism to generate new method of knowing they don t. And describe the 3 models of how certain we are relying on our guts, our emotions and/or! Rules are followed to arrive at sound conclusions of what the essay about. A Factorial Experiment, 46 perhaps, than to pick the name of.... Can deceive us may use intuition, we could do no better, perhaps, to! Is systematic, objective, verifiable, cumulative, logical, 13 the following section the! Also, unless formally trained in the second phase, qualitative data were collected and analyzed a. 100 WORDS MIN method of knowing * 1 contact us at info @ libretexts.org or check out our page! Observations, science relies on structured observations which is known as systematic empiricism you! Front of contradicting evidence act of water structured observations which is known systematic. Gaining knowledge is objective science Practices not just any observations, science relies on structured observations which is known systematic...

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